@article {2368,
	title = {Co-declines in large mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological cascade},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2009},
	note = {[gmap markers=blank::40.782003745886755,-73.97163391113281 |zoom=15 |center=40.78531820515752,-73.9749813079834 |width=100\% |height=400px |control=Small |type=Satellite]
},
	pages = {481-487},
	abstract = {Biodiversity loss can precipitate extinction cascades and impair ecological processes. These {\textquoteleft}downstream{\textquoteright} effects will be exacerbated if functionally important taxa are tightly linked with species threatened by extinction or population decline. We review the current evidence that such a scenario is currently playing out in the linked declines of persistently hunted<br />
mammal populations and the dung beetles communities (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) that depend on them for adult and larval food resources. Through a close evolutionary association, mammal assemblages have played a fundamental role in structuring extant dung beetle communities. Today many game mammal species{\textquoteright} populations are severely depleted by subsistence or commercial hunting, especially in tropical forest systems. Multiple lines of evidence from temperate and tropical systems indicate that the regional-scale decline or extirpation of medium and large bodied mammal faunas can severely disrupt the diversity and abundance of dung beetle communities through alterations in the composition and availability of dung resources. These observed community disassemblies have significant short- and long-term implications for the maintenance of key ecosystem processes including nutrient recycling and secondary seed dispersal. Identifying the species- and community-level traits that buffer or exacerbate these species and functional responses is essential if we are to develop a better understanding of the cascading ecological consequences of hunting in tropical forests.
},
	keywords = {co-decline, conservation, decline, extinction, mammal, resource},
	author = {Nichols, E. and Gardner, T. A. and Peres, C. A. and Spector, S.}
}
@article {1743,
	title = {Stability, Abundance, and Niche Width in the Beetle Community Inhabiting Cow Dung},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3},
	year = {1978},
	note = {GU291OIKOS},
	pages = {290-298},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1978GU29100004},
	author = {Hanski, I. and Koskela, H.}
}
@article {1771,
	title = {An experiment on dung removal by Aphodius larvae (Scarabaeidae) and earthworms},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {130-136},
	author = {Holter, P.}
}
@article {1772,
	title = {Effect of dung-beetles (Aphodius spp.) and earthworms on the disappearance of cattle dung},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {393-402},
	author = {Holter, P.}
}
@article {1773,
	title = {Resource Utilization and Local Coexistence in a Guild of Scarabaeid Dung Beetles (Aphodius spp.)},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	note = {ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Aug., 1982 / Copyright {\^A}{\textcopyright} 1982 Nordic Society Oikos},
	pages = {213-227},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos},
	abstract = {Resource partitioning in a guild of 13 Aphodius species (adults) from cattle dung was studied along two dimensions in time - season and age of dung pats - and two dimensions in space - distribution of beetles among pats and microdistribution within pats. Moreover, total respiration of the guild in relation to season was roughly estimated. Most data were from one site in northern Zealand, Denmark. The energy requirements of this coprophagous guild varied widely through the season. Even at the time of maximum activity, the beetles assimilated only about 0.2\% of the energy in a dung pat; hence there is no evidence of competition for food at normal population densities. Neither did other results indicate within-guild competition, past or present. Features like (1) the contagious distribution of beetles on evenly spaced, identical pats, (2) the positive association between species, and (3) habitat specializations within pats may have evolved as adaptations facilitating intraspecific contacts in populations which are often sparse in relation to chances of mating. /// {\~A}{\^A}~{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered} 13 {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} Aphodius ({\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}) {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} 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}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}, {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} - {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\"E}{\textdagger}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textonehalf} {\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ 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{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }. {\~A}{\r A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} 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{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}. {\~A}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute} {\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s} {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} 0,2\% {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}. {\~A}{\r A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright} {\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s} {\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\"E}{\textdagger}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }. {\~A}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s} {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\"E}{\textdagger}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A} {\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}. {\~A}{\^A}{\textcent}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}, {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine} 1. {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar}, 2. {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } 3. {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine} {\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }, {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textpm}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreesuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\r A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\textasciiacute}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\AE}{\textquoteright}{\~A}{\^A}{\guillemotright}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}~{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textbrokenbar}, {\~A}{\^A}{\textordmasculine}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior} {\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\"E}{\textdagger}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ } {\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textperiodcentered}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonequarter}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\^A}{\textparagraph}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\textthreequarters}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\texteuro}{\v s}{\~A}{\^A}{\textmu}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonesuperior} {\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}{\~A}{\^A}{\textquestiondown}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^a}{\quotesinglbase}{\textlnot}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\^A}{\texttwosuperior}{\~A}{\^A}{\textdegree}{\~A}{\^A}{\textonehalf}{\~A}{\^A}{\c\ }{\~A}{\textquoteleft}{\^A}.},
	isbn = {00301299},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3544488},
	author = {Holter, Peter}
}
@article {1833,
	title = {Seasonal Change in Abundance of Large Nocturnal Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae) in a Costa Rican Deciduous Forest and Adjacent Horse Pasture},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Times Cited: 25Cited Reference Count: 36Cited References:      ANDERSON JM, 1974, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V14, P111     BARTHOLOMEW GA, 1978, J EXP BIOL, V73, P65     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1960, J AUST I AGR SCI, V26, P54     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1970, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V10, P1     COE M, 1977, E AFR WILDL J, V15, P49     EDMONDS WD, 1972, ANAL ESCUELA NACL CI, V19, P85     GILLARD P, 1967, J ANAT I AGR SCI, V38, P30     GILLON Y, 1971, P ANN TALL TIMBERS F, P419     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P312     HALFFTER G, 1977, QUAEST ENTOMOL, V13, P231     HANSKI I, 1979, ANN ENTOMOL FENN, V45, P1     HANSKI I, 1980, ANN ZOOL FENN, V17, P11     HANSKI I, 1980, OIKOS, V34, P293     HANSKI I, 1980, OIKOS, V34, P311     HEINRICH B, 1979, SCI AM, V241, P146     HOWDEN HF, 1978, BIOTROPICA, V10, P43     HOWDEN HF, 1975, BIOTROPICA, V7, P77     HOWDEN HF, 1952, COLEOPTS B, V6, P53     HOWDEN HF, 1981, CONTRIBUTIONS AM ENT, V18, P1     JANZEN DH, 1982, ANIM BEHAV, V30, P483     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY     JANZEN DH, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P587     JANZEN DH, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P593     JANZEN DH, 1973, ECOLOGY, V54, P687     JANZEN DH, 1982, OIKOS, V38, P150     JANZEN DH, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P19     KOSKELA H, 1977, ANN ZOOL FENN, V14, P204     MACQUEEN A, 1975, CAN J PLANT SCI, V55, P961     MATTHEWS EG, 1960, THESIS CORNELL U ITH     MERRITT RW, 1977, HILGARDIA, V45, P31     MOHR CO, 1943, ECOL MONOGR, V13, P275     OWEN DF, 1971, TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES     WOLDA H, 1978, AM NAT, V112, P1017     WOLDA H, 1981, J ANIM ECOL, V50, P827     WOLDA H, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P369     WOODRUFF RE, 1973, ARTHROPODS FLORIDA, V8EnglishArticleRL358OIKOS},
	pages = {274-283},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1983RL35800016},
	author = {Janzen, D. H.}
}
@article {1925,
	title = {Different ways of constructing octaves and their consequences on the prevalence of the bimodal species abundance distribution},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {87},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {262CQOIKOS},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {321-326},
	abstract = {Several studies on dung beetle communities suggest that their species abundance distribution is bimodal. This bimodality has been explained as a consequence of the mixture of local and non-local species in the communities. In this paper we demonstrate that bimodal distribution in dung beetles is a consequence of the method of octave construction, which increases the number of species present in the first octave. Although we do not rule out the existence of bimodality in species abundance distributions, we suggest that this should be confirmed by large sampling programs done at local and regional levels, and by the correct application of the octave construction method.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084048400012},
	author = {Lobo, J. M. and Favila, M. E.}
}
@article {1634,
	title = {Ephemeral resource patches as model systems for diversity-function experiments},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {92},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {363-366},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000167560700019},
	author = {Finn, J. A.}
}
@article {1667,
	title = {The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where, and why?},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {514-526},
	abstract = {The effect of species diversity on ecosystem productivity is controversial, in large part because field experiments investigat- ing this relationship have been fraught with difficulties. Unfortu- nately, there are few guidelines to aid researchers who must overcome these difficulties and determine whether global species losses seriously threaten the ecological and economic bases of terrestrial ecosystems. In response, I offer a set of hypotheses that describe how diversity might influence productivity in plant communities based on three well-known mechanisms: comple- mentarity, facilitation, and the sampling effect. Emphasis on these mechanisms reveals the sensitivity of any diversity-produc- tivity relationship to ecological context (i.e., where this relation- ship should be found); ecological context includes characteristics of the surrounding environment, temporal and spatial scales of observation, and the intensity of human management. In particu- lar, the legitimacy of the sampling effect as a mechanism of productivity enhancement is dependent upon the degree to which stochastic events influence immigration and extinction processes in a given ecosystem. A mechanistic approach also requires that the three mechanisms be separated and quantified in diversity experiments, and I examine the most appropriate analyses for doing so, focusing on the overyielding technique. Finally, I question why productivity per se is a relevant management concern in non-agricultural systems once relationships among diversity, productivity, and the qualities of the surrounding environment are considered. },
	author = {Fridley, Jason D.}
}
@article {1676,
	title = {Elevation and climatic tolerance: a test using dung beetles},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {86},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 47Cited References:      ALLEE WC, 1949, PRINCIPLES ANIMAL EC     BENNETT AF, 1997, EVOLUTION, V51, P36     BLOCK W, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P581     BLOCK W, 1990, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V326, P613     BRATTSTROM BH, 1968, COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL, V24, P93     CHOWN SL, 1999, IN PRESS BIOL REV     CHOWN SL, 1992, S AFR J ANTARCT RES, V22, P51     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DAVIS ALV, IN PRESS J BIOGEOGR     DENLINGER DL, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P131     DOBZHANSKY T, 1950, AM SCI, V38, P209     EDNEY EB, 1971, J EXP BIOL, V55, P253     FERGUSON SH, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P382     FLEISHMAN E, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P2482     GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V84, P309     GASTON KJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P70     HOCHACHKA PW, 1984, BIOCH ADAPTATION     HODKINSON ID, 1996, FUNCT ECOL, V10, P314     HOFFMANN AA, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P1     HUEY RB, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P205     JAMES AC, 1997, GENETICS, V146, P881     JANZEN DH, 1967, AM NAT, V101, P233     JOHNSTON IA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE     KLOK CJ, 1998, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V44, P615     KLOK CJ, 1997, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V43, P685     KLOK CJ, 1998, J THERM BIOL, V23, P131     LEE RE, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P17     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1553     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1561     MELLANBY K, 1932, J EXP BIOL, V9, P222     MILLER K, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P595     MITCHELL JD, 1993, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V39, P523     MONGOLD JA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P239     MULLER MJ, 1982, SELECTED CLIMATIC DA     PURVIS A, 1995, COMPUT APPL BIOSCI, V11, P247     RAPOPORT EH, 1982, AREOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHI     ROBERTS CS, 1991, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V16, P463     ROSENBERG NJ, 1983, MICROCLIMATE BIOL EN     RUGGIERO A, 1998, BIOL J LINN SOC, V63, P283     SNYDER GK, 1975, AM NAT, V109, P93     SOMME L, 1989, BIOL REV, V64, P367     SOMME L, 1982, COMP BIOCH PHYSL A, V73, P519     SOMME L, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P318     STANLEY SM, 1980, AUST J ZOOL, V28, P413     STEVENS GC, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P893     STEVENS GC, 1989, AM NAT, V133, P240     STOREY KB, 1996, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V27, P365EnglishArticle230JNOIKOS},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {584-590},
	abstract = {An increase in the altitudinal range of occurrence of species in an assemblage with increasing elevation has been explained as a consequence of individual organisms having to be able to withstand a broader range of climatic conditions at higher elevations; the climatic variability hypothesis. Here we show that for scarab dung beetles (26 species) across an elevational transect (approx. 2500 In) in southern Africa thermal tolerance range does increase with increasing elevation across individuals and across species. The maximal thermal tolerance range exhibited increases slowly with elevation and the minimum range increases more rapidly. The mechanistic basis of the change appears to be one of rapidly changing critical thermal minimum (CTmin) with elevation and only small changes in critical thermal maximum (CTmax). Of course, even if the pattern of tolerance of species assumed by the climatic variability hypothesis is correct, an increase in altitudinal range with increasing elevation need not necessarily follow. However, although sampling has been limited, there does appear to be an elevational increase in altitudinal range for this species assemblage.},
	keywords = {arthropods, cold-hardiness, critical thermal maximum, desert, drosophila-melanogaster, latitudinal gradient, lepidoptera, namib, rapoports rule, temperature tolerance, tenebrionid beetles, terrestrial},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082248200019},
	author = {Gaston, K. J. and Chown, S. L.}
}
@article {2158,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation and the functional efficiency of temperate dung beetles},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1659-1666},
	abstract = {To understand how current patterns of habitat loss and fragmentation will ultimately affect ecosystem functioning, we need to match experimental manipulations of community structure with real changes occurring in the landscapes of today. In this study, we examine the consequences of habitat fragmentation on a key function: the decomposition of dung by invertebrates. In a microcosm experiment, we use previous observations of dung beetle assemblage structure in fragmented and intact landscapes to create realistic differences in assemblages of small, dung-dwelling species in the genus Aphodius. We ask whether such differences will affect ecosystem functioning, and how their effects compare to those of removing full functional groups: dung-dwelling Aphodius, tunnelling Geotrupes stercorarius, and/or earthworms. As measured by changes in dung fresh weight, we observe an overriding impact of removing G. stercorarius, with the amount of dung remaining at any one time doubling if the species is excluded. Compared to this major effect, there seem to be less effects of removing Aphodius, ambiguous effects of excluding earthworms, and no detectable effects of relatively minor changes in Aphodius assemblages as induced by current levels of fragmentation. Overall, our results support the general notion that different species contribute highly unevenly to overall ecosystem functioning. Most importantly though, our findings suggest that the functional consequences of habitat loss will depend on taxon-specific responses to landscape modification. Only by addressing these responses may we predict the actual consequences of habitat loss.},
	author = {Rosenlew, Helena and Roslin, Tomas}
}
@article {2160,
	title = {Dung beetle movements at two spatial scales},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
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	month = {Nov},
	pages = {323-335},
	abstract = {To understand the dynamics of spatially structured populations, we need to know the level of movements at different spatial scales. This paper reports on Aphodius dung beetle movements at two scales: movements between dung pats within pastures, and movements between pastures. First, I test an assumption common to many recent models of spatially structured populations - that the probability of an individual moving between habitat patches decreases exponentially with distance. For dung beetles, I find sufficient evidence to reject this assumption. The distribution of dispersal distances was clearly leptokurtic, with more individuals moving short and long distances than expected on the basis of an exponential function. In contrast, the data were well described by a power function. I conclude that dung beetle movements include an element of non-randomness not captured by the simplistic exponential model. The power function offers a promising alternative, but the actual mechanisms behind the pattern need to be clarified. Second, I compare several species of Aphodius to each other. Although these species occur in the same network of habitat patches, their movement patterns are different enough to result in a mixture of different spatial population structures. Movements between pastures were more frequent the larger the species, the more specific its occurrence in relation to pat age, and the more specialized it is on cow dung and open pasture habitats. Within pastures, all species form "patchy" populations, with much movement among individual pats.},
	keywords = {APHODIUS SCARABAEIDAE, butterfly, colonization, euphydryas-editha-bayensis, long-distance dispersal, melitaea-cinxia, metapopulation structure, migration, patch size, proclossiana-eunomia lepidoptera, resource utilization},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000166017800013},
	author = {Roslin, T.}
}
