@article {1452,
	title = {Morphological correlates of flightlessness in southern African Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): testing a condition of the water-conservation hypothesis},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1123-1133},
	abstract = {Flightlessness in desert beetles is thought to have evolved either as a response to decreased environmental heterogeneity or directly to reduce water loss. The water-conservation hypothesis rests on three conditions: that spiracular transpiration is greater than cuticular transpiration; that cuticular transpiration rates are lower in desert species; and that changes in body form associated with flightlessness lead to an overall reduction in water loss rates. The extreme form of the morphological-convergence condition suggests that this change in body shape should be most pronounced in desert-dwelling taxa. The morphological-convergence condition was examined using a morphometric analysis of body shape in flying and nonflying dung beetle species from two southern African tribes occurring in arid and mesic habitats. Although the Canthonini have a more rounded body than the Scarabaeini, flightless species in both tribes have a more rounded body than the flying ones, except at the smallest body sizes. This rounding is more pronounced in flightless, desert-dwelling Scarabaeini than in flightless species from more mesic habitats. All three conditions required by the water-conservation hypothesis are met in various beetle taxa, but the hypothesis and its conditions have yet to be tested on a single, monophyletic taxon.},
	author = {Chown, Steven L. and Pistorius, Pierre and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {2067,
	title = {Habitat Associations and Community Analysis of South Texas Dung Beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeinae},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticle},
	pages = {138-147},
	abstract = {Baited pitfall traps were used to sample the Scarabaeinae dung beetle fauna in 6 habitats in south Texas [USA]. Habitats were defined according to their soil and vegetative cover characteristics. Most of the 19 scarab species [Canthon imitator, C. pilularis, C. cyanellus, C. vigilans, Glaphyrocanthon viridis, Boreocanthon ebenus, Melanocanthon bispinatus, Pseudocanthon perplexus, Atenchus histeroides, Copris fricator, C. remotus, Phanaeus difformis, Onthophagus orpheus, O. hecate, O. pennsylvanicus, O. oklahomensis, O. medorensis, O. shaefferi, Boreocanthon probus] collected displayed marked associations with a particular soil type (sand or clay) and (or) cover (shade or open). The result is the existence of distinct communities of coprophagous beetles, which differ in their species composition, species-abundance relations and efficiency of dung removal. A discussion of the evolution of these habitat associations and the ecological implications for pasture ecosystems is included.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Plantae-, Plants-, usa canthon-imitator canthon-pilularius canthon-cyanellus canthon-vigilans glaphypocanthon-virids boreocanthon-ebenus melanoc},
	author = {V. G. Nealis}
}
@article {2100,
	title = {Composition, structure and competitive behaviour in a guild of Ecuadorian rainforest dung beetles (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1982},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {1624-1634},
	keywords = {competition, dung beetle, Ecuador, food resources, non-mammal resource mammals, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Peck, Stewart B. and Forsyth, Adrian}
}
