@article {2368,
	title = {Co-declines in large mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological cascade},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2009},
	note = {[gmap markers=blank::40.782003745886755,-73.97163391113281 |zoom=15 |center=40.78531820515752,-73.9749813079834 |width=100\% |height=400px |control=Small |type=Satellite]
},
	pages = {481-487},
	abstract = {Biodiversity loss can precipitate extinction cascades and impair ecological processes. These {\textquoteleft}downstream{\textquoteright} effects will be exacerbated if functionally important taxa are tightly linked with species threatened by extinction or population decline. We review the current evidence that such a scenario is currently playing out in the linked declines of persistently hunted<br />
mammal populations and the dung beetles communities (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) that depend on them for adult and larval food resources. Through a close evolutionary association, mammal assemblages have played a fundamental role in structuring extant dung beetle communities. Today many game mammal species{\textquoteright} populations are severely depleted by subsistence or commercial hunting, especially in tropical forest systems. Multiple lines of evidence from temperate and tropical systems indicate that the regional-scale decline or extirpation of medium and large bodied mammal faunas can severely disrupt the diversity and abundance of dung beetle communities through alterations in the composition and availability of dung resources. These observed community disassemblies have significant short- and long-term implications for the maintenance of key ecosystem processes including nutrient recycling and secondary seed dispersal. Identifying the species- and community-level traits that buffer or exacerbate these species and functional responses is essential if we are to develop a better understanding of the cascading ecological consequences of hunting in tropical forests.
},
	keywords = {co-decline, conservation, decline, extinction, mammal, resource},
	author = {Nichols, E. and Gardner, T. A. and Peres, C. A. and Spector, S.}
}
@article {1662,
	title = {Indicator taxa for biodiversity monitoring and assessment: A reality check using dung beetles (Scarabaeinae)},
	year = {Submitted},
	author = {Forsyth, A. and Spector, S.}
}
@inbook {1663,
	title = {Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado},
	booktitle = {A Biological Assessment of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Bolivia},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {RAP Working Papers 10, Conservation International},
	organization = {RAP Working Papers 10, Conservation International},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Forsyth, A. and Spector, S.},
	editor = {Killeen, J. and Shulenburg, T.}
}
@inbook {1664,
	title = {The dung beetle (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) assemblages of the Cordillera del Condor, Amazonas Province, Peru},
	booktitle = {The Cordillera Working Papers 7},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Conservation International},
	organization = {Conservation International},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Forsyth, A. , and Spector, S. and Gill, B. and B. Gill, 1997. . In, Thomas Schulenburg and Kim Awbrey (Eds. ). The Cordillera  Working Papers 7, and Conservation International, Washington, D. C.},
	editor = {Schulenburg, T. and Awbrey, K.}
}
@article {2072,
	title = {Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {137},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Although insects are crucial for maintaining ecosystem function, our understanding of their overall response to human activity remains limited. This is no less true of dung-burying beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), which provide a suite of critical ecosystem functions and services, yet but face multiple conservation threats, particularly from landscape conversion. Here we use a review and meta-analysis to synthesize the current knowledge concerning response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). For every modified habitat type and individual forest fragment across 33 studies, we calculated six dung beetle community parameters, standardized relative to intact tropical forest. We organized modified habitats along an approximate disturbance gradient ranging from selectively logged, late and early secondary forest, through agroforestry, tree plantations, to annual crops, cattle pastures and clear-cuts. Secondary forests, selectively logged forest and agroforests supported rich communities with many intact forest species, while cattle pastures and clear-cuts contained fewer species overall with few forest-dwelling species. Abundance generally declined with increasing modification, but was quite variable. Communities in open habitats were often characterized by hyper-abundance of a small number of small-bodied species, leading to low evenness. Across fragmentation studies, dung beetle species richness, abundance and evenness declined in smaller forest fragments. Richness and abundance sometimes declined in more isolated fragments, although this response appeared to depend on matrix quality. Across both habitat modification and fragmentation studies, geographic location and landscape context appeared to modify dung beetle response by influencing the available pool of colonists. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and conclude with recommendations for management and conservation and for future research.},
	keywords = {Agroforestry, community ecology, deforestation, Invertebrate, Land-use change, Scarabaeinae},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-4ND710H-1/2/3d7a5f4362824647199ebdfd5821fa14 },
	author = {Nichols, E. and Larsen, T. and Spector, S. and Davis, A. L. and Escobar, F. and Favila, M. and Vulinec, K.}
}
@article {2073,
	title = {Ecological functions and ecosystem services of Scarabaeine dung beetles: a review},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {141},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1461-1474},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecological economics, ecosystem function, ecosystem service, human health},
	author = {Nichols, E. and Spector, S. and Louzada, J and Larsen, T. and Amezquita, S and Favila, M. and The Scarabaeinae Reaearch Network}
}
@article {2218,
	title = {Biogeographic crossroads as priority areas for biodiversity conservation},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 61Cited References:      BALMFORD A, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1539     BATES JM, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P112     BROOKS DR, 1992, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V7, P55     BROOKS T, 2000, NATURE, V403, P26     BROWN JH, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P255     BROWN JH, 1995, MACROECOLOGY     CHANNELL R, 2000, NATURE, V403, P84     DALLMEIER F, 1996, MANU DIVERSITY SE PE, P61     DAVIS FW, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P74     DINERSTEIN E, 1995, CONSERVATION ASSESSM     EDMONDS WD, 1994, REVISION PHANAEUS MA     EDMONDS WD, 1972, U KANSAS SCI B, V49, P731     EMMONS LH, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P129     ENSERINK M, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1791     ERWIN TL, 1996, MANU BIODIVERSITY SE, P359     ERWIN TL, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P750     FELGER RS, 1994, BIODIVERSITY MANAGEM, P36     FJELDSA J, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P466     FOREMAN D, 2000, WILD EARTH SPR, P11     FORSYTH AB, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P181     FREITAG S, 1997, BIOL CONSERV, V82, P263     HALFFTER G, 1993, BIOL INT, V27, P15     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY     HARVEY MB, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P144     HOLDRIDGE LR, 1967, LIFE ZONE ECOLOGY     JOHNSON N, 1995, BIODIVERSITY BALANCE     KERR JT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1094     KILLEEN TJ, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P61     KITCHING IJ, 1996, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V5, P841     KREMEN C, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P796     LOMOLINO MV, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P481     LOMOLINO MV, 1995, J MAMMAL, V76, P335     MARGULES CR, 2000, NATURE, V405, P243     MAYR E, 1963, ANIMAL SPECIES EVOLU     MCKENZIE NL, 1989, BIOL CONSERV, V50, P231     MITTERMEIER RA, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P516     MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853     OLIVER I, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P822     OLSON DM, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P502     PEARSON DL, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P376     PEARSON DL, 1999, J BIOGEOGR, V26, P1079     POGUE MG, 1996, MANU BIODIVERSITY SE, P313     PRENDERGAST JR, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P484     PRENDERGAST JR, 1997, ECOGRAPHY, V20, P210     PRENDERGAST JR, 1993, NATURE, V365, P335     PRESSEY RL, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P124     REID WV, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P275     REMSEN V, 1995, BIRD CONSERV INT, V5, P181     RICKETTS TH, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P369     RODRIGUES ASL, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1453     ROTHLEY KD, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P741     SARMIENTO J, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P167     SCHNEIDER CJ, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P13869     SMITH TB, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1855     SPECTOR S, 1998, CONSERVATION CHANGIN, P181     VANEWRIGHT RI, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V55, P235     WARSHALL P, 1994, BIODIVERSITY MANAGEM, P408     WHITTAKER RH, 1972, TAXON, V21, P213     WIKRAMANAYAKE E, 1998, BIODIVERSITY ASSESSM     WILLIAMS P, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P155     WILLIAMS PH, 1996, BIOL J LINN SOC, V58, P125EnglishArticle618LTCONSERV BIOL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1480-1487},
	abstract = {Threats to biodiversity outpace the resources of the conservation community and necessitate careful prioritization of conservation actions. I suggest that targeting the regions where biogeographic assemblages intersect - " biogeographic crossroads" - is a strategy that may achieve significant conservation economy by focusing on areas that satisfy many conservation criteria. I used a combination of data on Scarabaeine beetles in Bolivia and on other taxa and locations from the literature to consider the short- and long-term benefits of conserving these biogeographic crossroads. Biogeographic crossroads are areas of high species richness and beta diversity, often across many taxonomic groups. They are also regions where representativeness can be achieved with relative efficiency. Recent evidence that ecotones may be loci of evolution suggests that evolutionary processes such as speciation and coevolution may be conserved at biogeographic crossroads. Biogeographic crossroads appear to be areas of high conservation priority and opportunity in both the short and long term and require increased attention in the process of setting conservation priorities.},
	keywords = {assemblages, complementary areas, congruence, diversity, forest, hotspots, patterns, species richness, strategies, tiger beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179420100009},
	author = {Spector, S.}
}
@article {2219,
	title = {Scarabaeine Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): An Invertebrate Focal Taxon for Biodiversity Research and Conservation},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {71-83},
	author = {Spector, S.}
}
@article {2220,
	title = {Rapid turnover and edge effects in dung beetle assemblages (Scarabaeidae) at a Bolivian Neotropical forest-savanna ecotone},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	note = {744QYBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {394-404},
	abstract = {Habitat fragmentation and the widespread creation of habitat edges have recently stimulated interest in assessing the effects of ecotones on biodiversity. Ecotones, natural or anthropogenic, can greatly affect faunal movement, population dynamics, species interactions, and community structure. Few data exist, however, on insect community response to forest- savanna ecotones, a natural analog to anthropogenically cleared areas adjacent to forest. In this study, the abundance, total biomass, average individual biomass, and distribution of scarabaeine dung beetles were examined at a sharp tropical evergreen forest-savanna ecotone in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The abundance, total biomass, and average individual biomass of dung beetles varied significantly across the forest, edge, and savanna habitats. Species richness (S-obs) also varied significantly across the three habitats, but statistical estimations of true species richness (S-est) did not. Habitat specificity of the dung beetles in this study was extremely high. Of the 50 most common species collected during the study, only 2 species were collected in both the forest and savanna habitats, signaling nearly complete community turnover in just a few meters. Strong edge effects were evidenced by the decline in abundance, total biomass, and species richness at the forest-savanna boundary.},
	keywords = {beta diversity, Bolivia, boundaries, Central Amazonia, COLEOPTERA, communities, conservation, Dung beetles, dynamics, ecotone, edge, fragmented forests, gradients, patterns, responses, savanna, tropical forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000186644700009},
	author = {Spector, S. and Ayzama, S.}
}
@inbook {2221,
	title = {Indicator taxa in the vanishing tropics},
	booktitle = {Conservation in a changing world},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {181-210},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	keywords = {forest change biodiversity dung beetles},
	author = {Spector, S. and Forsyth, A. B.},
	editor = {Balmford, A. and Mace, G.}
}
