@article {1302,
	title = {Dung preference of the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus Fab (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae) from Kuwait},
	journal = {Journal Of Arid Environments},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {511-516},
	abstract = {Adult dung beetles, Scarabaeus cristatus, consume the fluid components of dung and bury whole dung as food for their larvae. When dung from three herbivorous animals, horse, camel and sheep, was offered, the beetles preferred the more fluid horse dung to the others. Sheep dung was preferred to the camel dung. The dung of two carnivores, dog and fox, was also accepted but to a lesser extent than the herbivore dung.},
	keywords = {Dung, dung beetle, Kuwait, Scarabaeus cristatus},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WQ58300012 },
	author = {Al-Houty, Wasmia and Al-Musalam, Faten}
}
@article {1303,
	title = {Probability of describing an Australian scarab beetle: influence of body size and distribution},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {717-724},
	keywords = {Australian scarabs, body size, geographic range, Probability of discovery},
	author = {Allsopp, P. G.}
}
@article {1306,
	title = {Distribution patterns of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in relict patches of the high Andean forest, Cordillera Oriental of Colombia},
	journal = {Caldasia},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997Research ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {191-204},
	abstract = {This study documents the diversity and distribution patterns of dung beetles in three relictual patches of montane forest located near the Sabana de Bogota. 2486 individuals of 11 species in 6 genera were collected. The most abundant specie was Ontherus brevicollis, collected in two patches, followed by Dichotomius achemas collected in all three patches and Uroxys sp present only in one. Chicaque has the highest species richness with 10 species. We found a clear pattern related to habitat preferences, summarized in 3 groups: pasture beetles, edges and forest interior beetles.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Canthid, Chondrichthyes-: Pisces-, Chordata-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetles (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Amat-Garcia, German and Lopera Toro, Alejandro and Amezquita Melo, Sandra Jimena}
}
@article {1307,
	title = {Patrones de distribucion de escarabajos coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) en relicto del bosque altoandino cordillera oriental de Colombia},
	journal = {Caldasia},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {191-204},
	keywords = {Andes, Colombia, dung beetle, forest relicts, fragmentation (biological conservation 2007), Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Amat-Garcia, German and Lopera Toro, Alejandro and Amezquita, S. J. A.}
}
@article {1454,
	title = {Subsocial Behavior in Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae)},
	year = {1997},
	author = {Christine, N.}
}
@inbook {1475,
	title = {The ecology and behaviour of arboreal dung beetles in Borneo},
	booktitle = {Canopy Arthropods},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {417-432},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall},
	organization = {Chapman \& Hall},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Dung beetles foraging in the rainforest canopy have been recorded on every sub- continent. Work at the Danum Valley Field Centre in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, revealed a guild of arboreal dung beetles found only metres above the forest floor up to the high forest canopy, and that feed on primate dung caught on canopy vegetation. The flight activity, spatial distribution and feeding ecology of this previously unrecorded guild of arboreal beetles is examined, and related to the ecology, behaviour and gut morphology of the primate species resident in the same forest. The dung-relocation behaviour of the Bornean dung beetles is atypical for the genus in which they are found, and breaks with the existing dichotomy ofdung beetle tribes into dung rollers and non-dung rollers. The implications of this discovery are discussed. This work gives a very real indication of how new light can be shed on the ecology of hopical insect communities by studying the strato-orientation of insects in response to conditions in the rainforest canopy, and the importance of canopy work in forming comprehensive descriptions of rainforest arthropod communities.},
	isbn = {0 412 74900 9},
	author = {Davis, A. J. and Huijbregts, J. and Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. and Krikken, J. and Sutton, S. L.},
	editor = {Stork, N. E. and Adis, J. and Didham, R. K.}
}
@article {1477,
	title = {A dung beetle that feeds on fig: implications for the measurement of species rarity},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {5YC710J TROP ECOL},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {759-766},
	keywords = {abundance, birds, body length, Danum Valley, danum-valley, dispersal, dung beetle, feeding specialization, Ficus, fig, lowland dipterocarp forest, malaysia, number, pollinator, rain forest, rain-forest, rarity, specificity},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YC71000008},
	author = {Davis, A. J. and Sutton, S. L.}
}
@article {1495,
	title = {Climatic and biogeographical associations of southern African dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s str)},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {WW151AFR J ECOL},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {10-38},
	abstract = {Climatic and biogeographical associations of southern African dung beetles (Scarabaeinae, Coprinae) were analysed from a collection amassed between 1971 and 1986. Endemism to Africa south of 15 degrees S was much greater in southwesterly climates (winter rainfall, bimodal spring/autumn rainfall, arid late summer rainfall) than to the north-east in the moist, mid- summer rainfall region. Major biogeographical groups centred to the south-west comprised predominantly southern African endemics, Western/Eastern Cape coast, Karoo, Karoo/Namib, northern Namibia and the south-western Kalahari. Biogeographical groups centred on the south-eastern highlands and the subtropical east coast (midsummer rainfall) also comprised predominantly southern African endemics. All other major groups centred to the north-east in the mid-summer rainfall region comprised predominantly species with widespread tropical biogeographical affiliations, pan-southern Africa but centred in the east, pan-mid-summer rainfall region, eastern mid-summer rainfall region, tropical east Zimbabwe/central Mocambique, subtropical/tropical game reserves (non-ruminant dung specialists). There were cross-climatic differences in taxonomic composition of the fauna. Within the winter rainfall region, percentage species composition of Scarabaeinae was greater whereas that of the coprine tribe, Onthophagini, was lower than within the other three climatic regions. Percentage species richness of most other tribes of Coprinae differed little between most climates but that of Scarabaeinae declined from west to east (Canthonini, Scarabaeini), east to west (Sisyphini) or to either side of the late summer rainfall region (Gymnopleurini).},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WW15100002},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1561,
	title = {Alternative reproductive tactics and male-dimorphism in the horne beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {335-341},
	keywords = {alternative reproductive behavior, horned beetles, male competition, male dimorphism, Onthophagus},
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J.}
}
@article {1562,
	title = {Diet alters male horn allometry in the beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal society of London B},
	volume = {264},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {567-574},
	abstract = {Darwin considered the horns of male beetles to be among the most striking examples of sexual selection. As with antlers in deer or elk, beetle horns scale positively with male body size, with the result that large males have disproportionately longer horns than small males. It is generally assumed that such scaling relationships ({\textquoteleft} static allometries {\textquoteright}) are insensitive to short-term changes in the environment, and for this reason they are regularly used as diagnostic attributes of populations or species. Here I report breeding experiments on horned beetles that demonstrate that the scaling relationship between male horn length and body size changes when larval nutrition changes. Males reared on a low-quality diet had longer horn lengths at any given body size than sibling males reared on a high-quality diet. Such {\textquoteleft} allometry plasticity {\textquoteright} may explain seasonal changes observed in this same scaling relationship in a natural population. These experiments demonstrate that scaling relationships of sexually selected traits can respond facultatively to variation in the environment, thereby revealing a new mechanism by which males regulate the production of exaggerated secondary sexual traits. },
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J.}
}
@article {1684,
	title = {Life history traits and resource utilisation in an assemblage of north temperate Aphodius dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {55-66},
	abstract = {To help understand and interpret the structure and function of Aphodius dung beetle assemblages, life history traits and resource utilisation were studied for the ten species comprising the local assemblage of intensively grazed pastures in southern Ireland. Most species were univoltine but one species (A. fimetarius) was at least partly bivoltine. However, temporal overlap in adult flight periods does not necessarily imply overlap in resource use. Three different strategies of ovarian development were distinguished and were related to the preferred oviposition site and successional occurrence of the various species. Evidence suggested that absence of mature eggs in a female{\textquoteright}s ovaries did not necessarily imply that a female was in a non-reproductive state. Two species (A. prodromus and A. sphacelatus) did not breed in dung; in the laboratory larvae were reared in decaying vegetation. One species (A. erraticus) developed in brood masses beneath the dung pat. Larvae of all the other species developed within the dung pat. There were consistent interspecific differences in the larval development rates, with two species (A. rufipes and A. rufus) overwintering mainly as prepupae and the other species mainly as adults. Previous studies have considered Aphodius assemblages as single guilds but the detailed natural histories of these species may affect guild designation.},
	keywords = {cattle dung, community, coprophagous beetles, Europe, GUILD},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WK11400006 },
	author = {Gittings, T. and Giller, P. S.}
}
@article {1690,
	title = {The compound eye of the dung beetle, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Applied Entomology and Zoology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 20Cited References:      CAVENEY S, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P1787     CAVENEY S, 1993, SYST ENTOMOL, V18, P1     FRANTSEVICH L, 1977, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V121, P253     GOKAN N, 1989, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V24, P133     GOKAN N, 1989, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V24, P483     GOKAN N, 1982, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V17, P227     GOKAN N, 1979, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V14, P12     GOKAN N, 1987, J AGR SCI, V32, P10     GOKAN N, 1990, JPN J ENTOMOL, V58, P185     GOKAN N, 1989, JPN J ENTOMOL, V57, P823     GOKAN N, 1982, KONTYU, V50, P330     GOKAN N, 1973, KONTYU, V41, P106     GOKAN N, 1990, NZ ENTOMOL, V13, P7     HORRIDGE GA, 1971, P R SOC LOND B, V179, P73     LABHART T, 1992, CELL TISSUE RES, V268, P4219     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1987, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V22, P358     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1978, J INSECT PHYSL, V24, P165     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1988, J YOKOHAMA CITY U NS, V3, P1     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1977, NZ J ZOOL, V4, P21     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1975, P ROY SOC B, V188, P1EnglishArticleWL091APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {109-118},
	abstract = {The compound eye of a nocturnal dung beetle, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum, was observed by light and electron microscopy and compared with that of other scarabaeid beetles. The eye is completely divided into two parts by a well developed canthus into relatively narrow dorsal and comparatively wide ventral eyes. The inner surface of the cornea protrudes inwards and forms an exocone, while at the same time the crystalline cone is much reduced Such a condition of a {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}duocone{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dioptric apparatus seems to have been found so far only in Omorgus of the Trogidae. The retina is of the scotopic type, and the configuration of the rhabdom is different in dorsal and ventral eyes. The rhabdoms of several rows of the dorsalmost region in the dorsal eye are composed of three rhabdomeres in which parallel and long microvilli are orientated in three directions, and four V-shaped rhabdomeres in transverse section. In the remaining part of the dorsal eye as well as in the entire ventral eye, the rhabdoms exhibit a seven-lobed pattern. One of the rhabdomeres is formed by parallel and linear microvilli which are less electron-dense. A microvillar arrangement such as this suggests a special function e.g. polarization vision.},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum, compound eye, dioptrics, duocone, fine-structure, ommatidium structure, Scarabaeidae, ultrastructure},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WL09100014},
	author = {Gokan, N.}
}
@article {1769,
	title = {Adventive Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America: geographic ranges, diagnoses, and new distributional records},
	journal = {Entomological News},
	volume = {108},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {345-362},
	edition = {nov/dec},
	author = {Hoebeke, E. Richard and Beucke, Kyle}
}
@article {1815,
	title = {Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in beetle horns: an experimental examination of the honest signalling hypothesis},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1997},
	month = {may},
	pages = {109-114},
	keywords = {beetle horns, fluctuating asymmetry, honest signalling, Onthophagus taurus, sexual selection},
	author = {Hunt, John and Simmons, Leigh W.}
}
@article {1835,
	title = {Altitudinal turnover and species richness variation in European montane dung beetle assemblages},
	journal = {Arctic and Alpine Research},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {XD130ARCTIC ALP RES},
	month = {May},
	pages = {196-205},
	abstract = {The dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) are divided into several guilds, particularly dwellers and small tunnelers. We analyzed and compared the faunistic composition and the organization of these guilds from several mountain systems in Western Europe. Variation in species richness with altitude, altitudinal turnover, and the taxonomical and biogeographical characteristics of beetles were analyzed. A global analysis enabled an estimation of the importance of the local speciation mechanisms and historical processes, respectively. in the formation of the assemblages in each mountain system. The roles played by each mountain system in the historical perspective of the early Quaternary and in the biogeographical context of the Western Palaearctic are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XD13000006},
	author = {Jay-Robert, Pierre and Lobo, Jorge Miguel and Lumaret, Jean-Pierre}
}
@conference {1840,
	title = {The effect of bird predation on the dung beetle population at Johannesburg Zoo},
	booktitle = {Insects in African Economy and Environment},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Book ; MeetingJoint Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa (11th Congress) and the African Association of Insect Scientists (12th Congress), Stellenbosch, South Africa, June 30 July 4, 1997English},
	pages = {211-212},
	publisher = {Entomological Society of Southern Africa},
	organization = {Entomological Society of Southern Africa},
	address = {Stellenbosch, South Africa},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Aves-: Vertebrata-, bird- (Aves-): predator-, Chordata-, Ciconiiformes-: Aves-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle, Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Jones, Genevive and Byrne, Marcus},
	editor = {Robertson, Hamish}
}
@article {1844,
	title = {Cons{\'e}quences de l{\textquoteright}interaction entre pr{\'e}f{\'e}rences pour l{\textquoteright}habitat et quantite{\textasciiacute} de ressources trophiques sur les communaute{\textasciiacute}s d{\textquoteright}insectes coprophages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {107-119},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, mammal mammals, resources},
	author = {Kadiri, N. and Lobo, J. M. and Lumaret, J. P.}
}
@article {1852,
	title = {Altitudinal change of fauna, diversity and food preference of dung and carrion beetles on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo},
	journal = {Tropics},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {123-132},
	keywords = {Altitudinal distribution, Borneo, diversity, dung beetle, food preference, Mt. Kinabalu},
	author = {Kikuta, Toru and Gunsalam, Gunik and Kon, Masahiro and Ochi, Teruo}
}
@article {1888,
	title = {Diplopod defensive secretions as attractants for necrophagous scarab beetles (Diplopoda; Insecta, Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Entomologica Scandinavica},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 26Cited References:      BALTHASAR V, 1966, REICHENBACHIA, V8, P45     BALTHASAR V, 1966, REV ZOOLOGIE BOT AFR, V74, P242     BROWN WL, 1992, PSYCHE, V99, P275     CAMBEFORT Y, 1980, ANN U DABIDJAN E, V13, P61     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P22     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P156     CAMBEFORT Y, 1984, TRAVAUX CHERCHEURS S, V3     DANGERFIELD JM, 1996, MEMOIR MUS NATL HIST, V169, P617     DANGERFIELD JM, 1990, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V34, P141     DEMANGE JM, 1993, MILLEPATTIA, V2, P29     EISNER T, 1978, ARTHROPOD VENOMS, P41     EISNER T, 1965, NAT HIST, V74, P30     GILL BD, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P211     HAACKER U, 1974, S ZOOL SOC LOND, V32, P317     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY     HOFFMAN RL, 1996, MYRIAPODOLOGICA, V4, P43     HOPKIN SP, 1992, BIOL MILLIPEDES     ISTASSE A, 1982, ANN SOC ROY ZOOL BEL, V112, P41     KINKEL H, 1955, Z ANGEW ENTOMOL, V37, P401     MAHSBERG D, 1997, ENT SCAND S, V51, P269     OCHI T, IN PRESS GIORNALE IT     ROTH LM, 1962, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V7, P107     SMOLANOFF J, 1975, PSYCHE, V82, P78     STOVE MK, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P23     WALTER P, 1978, THESIS U SCI TECHNIQ     WHEELER JW, 1964, SCIENCE, V144, P540EnglishArticle51YW107ENTOMOL SCAND},
	pages = {281-285},
	abstract = {The necrophagous dung beetle Onthophagus latigibber d{\textquoteright}Orbigny, 1902 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was attracted in large numbers to diplopod carcasses. The attractiveness of diplopod (Spirobolida) defensive secretions to three Onthophagus species was demonstrated in field experiments. Since these beetles are attracted by a repellent, they have the advantage of being the first and exclusive users of freshly dead diplopods.},
	keywords = {attractant, COLEOPTERA, defensive secretions, Diplopoda, millipede, necrocenosis, quinones, savanna, Scarabaeidae, tropical Africa},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071897600036},
	author = {Krell, F. T. and Schmitt, T. and Linsenmair, K. E.}
}
@article {1892,
	title = {Lethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung-breeding beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {123-131},
	keywords = {avermectins, dung beetle, fecundity, fertility, larval development},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1893,
	title = {Possible risk posed by drift of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to the rare dung beetle Circellium bacchus (F.) in a national park},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {215-220},
	abstract = {Aerial drift of the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), pyriproxyfen (Nemesis 100 ec{\textregistered}), used to control red scale on citrus on farms close to the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, was suspected of causing a decline in a population of the rare dung beetle species Circellium bacchus(F.) in the Park. The effect of pyriproxyfen on fertility and egg viability, as well as larval, pupal and callow adult development of C. bacchuswas studied in a laboratory assay. Adult beetles, soil surface and the initial dung supply were exposed to pyriproxyfen applied as a spray at 10 times less than the concentration used commercially to simulate spray drift. Exposure of adult beetles to pyriproxyfen did not affect egg production or the viability of eggs, nor did the compound have adverse effects on immature development, indicating that pyriproxyfen is unlikely to be the cause of the observed population depression of C. bacchus.},
	keywords = {development, juvenile hormone analogue, reproduction, Scarabaeidae, spray drift},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1937,
	title = {Spatial microdistribution of two introduced dung beetle species Digitonthophagus gazella (F.) and Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in an arid region of northern Mexico (Durango, Mexico)},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {71},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {17-32},
	keywords = {aggregation, arid region, covariation, dung beetle, introduced species, spatial distribution},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Montes de Oca, Enrique}
}
@article {1939,
	title = {Diversity and spatial turnover of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidae) communities in a protected area of South Europe (Donana National Park, Huelva, Spain)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {71-88},
	abstract = {Diversity and spatial turnover of the spring dung beetle community of Donana National Park (Huelva, Spain), one of the most important wildlife reserves in the Mediterranean area, were examined. The entire dung beetle community is estimated to comprise around 68 species. Coastal dunes and marsh proved to be the most singular habitats within Donana Reserve. Response of Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae to habitat heterogeneity was different. Scarabaeidae fauna was highly homogeneous throughout the habitats whereas Aphodiidae showed higher rates of species turnover and some singular local communities, thus contributing to a greater extent to the regional diversity. Scarabaeidae family presents more ubiquitous species and lower values of beta diversity, so that its local and regional diversity converge. It is suggested that different adaptive strategies regard in resource partitioning (Scarabaeidae: tunnellers and ball-rollers; Aphodiidae: dwellers) can account for these differences. Although Donana National Park is home to a richer wild mammal fauna and non-human altered habitats, its dung beetle diversity is similar to that of other Spanish regions.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Aphodiidae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Donana-National-Park (Spain-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-): Scarabaeoidea-, Europe-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Palearctic-region):},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Sanmartin, Isabel and Martin, Piera Fermin}
}
@article {1948,
	title = {The dung beetle community from an Atlantic forest fragmentation},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {interlibrary loan copy on the way (12/20)},
	pages = {117-121},
	keywords = {dung beetle, fragmentation (biological conservation 2007)},
	author = {Louzada, J. N. C and Lopez, F. S}
}
@article {1949,
	title = {Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) atraidos por ovos em descomposicao em Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil},
	journal = {Caldasia},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {521-522},
	author = {Louzada, Julio N. C. and Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.}
}
@article {1961,
	title = {Observations on the feeding behaviour of Tetraechma tarsalis (Balthasar 1939) (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Canthonina)},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {57-61},
	keywords = {Argentina, Canthonina, feeding behaviour, Tetraechma, xeric environment},
	author = {Luzzatto, M. and Monteresino, Estela and Zunino, M.}
}
@article {1983,
	title = {Coordinated activity of the ovary, pars intercerebralis and corpus allatum during the prenesting and nesting cycles of copris incertus Say (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {51},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {351-363},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and Huerta, Carmen}
}
@article {1602,
	title = {The use of indicator groups for measuring biodiversity as related to community structure and function},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie},
	number = {72},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Dec., 1997Literature ReviewEnglish},
	pages = {1-25},
	abstract = {In this study we discuss the reasons for using indicator groups to measure biodiversity at the species level ("organismal diversity" sensu Harper and Hawksworth). We further explore our previous proposals for the use of dung beetles belonging to the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Insecta: Coleoptera) as an indicator group for studying the types of communities found in tropical forests and derived formations, particularly those created by human activity. We present a method for obtaining quantifiable information that allows comparative studies to be done, as well as an analysis of the effects of human activities that result in the alteration, fragmentation and destruction of natural communities. Although emphasis is placed on the indicator group and the communities selected, we propose that this analysis of biodiversity can be used with other groups and in different community types. The arguments we present for the use of indicator groups can be applied to different ways of studying biodiversity at the species level, however this study focuses on presenting appropriate methodology for ecological analysis; that is, for the study of local biodiversity as an element for the interpretation of community structure and function.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetles, ecological-analysis: analytical-method, human, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Methods-and-Techniques, Scarabaeinae- (Coleoptera-): indicator-group},
	author = {Favila, Mario E and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1608,
	title = {Proposta para maximizar a utilizacao dos recursos disponiveis na criacao do besouro africano (Onthophagus gazella, Fab.)},
	journal = {Boletim de Pesquisa Embrapa},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1-16},
	keywords = {brazil, improvement in methodology, mass production, Onthophagus gazella},
	isbn = {0101-5516},
	author = {Fazolin, Murilo and Argolo, Valdirene Maia and Estrela, Joelma Lima Vidal}
}
@inbook {1664,
	title = {The dung beetle (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) assemblages of the Cordillera del Condor, Amazonas Province, Peru},
	booktitle = {The Cordillera Working Papers 7},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Conservation International},
	organization = {Conservation International},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Forsyth, A. , and Spector, S. and Gill, B. and B. Gill, 1997. . In, Thomas Schulenburg and Kim Awbrey (Eds. ). The Cordillera  Working Papers 7, and Conservation International, Washington, D. C.},
	editor = {Schulenburg, T. and Awbrey, K.}
}
@article {2047,
	title = {Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) inhabiting bovine and ovina droppings in Uruguayan prairies},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {197},
	author = {Morelli, Enrique and Gonzales-Vainer, Patricia and Baz, A.}
}
@article {2051,
	title = {Notas sobre coleopteros lamelicornios depredados por pajaros de la familia Laniidae},
	journal = {Dugesiana},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69-72},
	author = {Moron, Miguel-Angel}
}
@article {2055,
	title = {A preliminary analysis of insects of medico-legal importance in Curitiba, State of Parana},
	journal = {Memoria Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro},
	volume = {92},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	month = {mar/apr},
	pages = {269-274},
	abstract = {A survey of the carrion fauna was made at two sites in Curitiba, State of Paraná, with the objective of describing the insects associated with carrion and setting up a preliminary data-base for medico- legal purposes in south Brazil. Vertebrate exclusion experiments were carried out in each season be- tween 1994 and 1995 with a 250 g laboratory-bred rat (Rattus norvegicus). Five stages of decomposi- tion were identified: fresh, bloated, decaying, dry and adipocere-like. Some species showed  seasonal and site preference and so could be used to identify the probable place and season where death took place. Sarconesia chlorogaster (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was restricted to an open field site and to cooler months. Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Diptera, Calliphoridae) and Pattonella resona (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) were restricted to the forest site and warmer months. Phaenicia eximia (Diptera, Calli- phoridae) and Oxyletrum discicolle (Coleoptera, Silphidae) were present at both sites throughout the year and could be useful for population level analysis. Dissochaetus murray (Coleoptera, Cholevidae) was present throughout the year at the forest site and was associated with the adipocere-like stage. Ants played an important role producing post-mortem injuries to the carcasses. Insects of 32 species are reported as being useful in community level approaches. },
	keywords = {carrion fauna -, Coleoptera -, Diptera -, Formicidae -, medico-legal entomology},
	author = {Moura, Mauricio Osvaldo and de Carvalho, Claudio J. B. and Monteiro-Filho, Emygdio L. A.}
}
@article {2066,
	title = {Escarabajos asociados a Basidiomycetes en San Jose de los Laureles, Morelos, Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Mexicana},
	volume = {99},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1-16},
	keywords = {Mexico, micetobionts, micetocoles, micetophiles, micetoxenes, mushrooms, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Navarrete Heredia, Jose Luis and Galindo Miranda, Nora E.}
}
@article {2119,
	title = {Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) endymion Harold 1863 "Torito" - Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae},
	journal = {Dugesiana},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {30-31},
	author = {Quiroz-Rocha, Georgina Adriana}
}
@article {2125,
	title = {Rapid Assessment Program: The Cordillera del Condor region of Ecuador and Peru: a biological assessment},
	number = {7},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1-234},
	institution = {Conservation International},
	author = {RAP}
}
@article {2151,
	title = {Aspectos biologicos de Canthon lituratus (Germar, 1813) e Canthidium (Canthidium) megathopoides Boucomont, 1928 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {70},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1-12},
	author = {Rodrigues, Sergio R. and Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector}
}
@article {2169,
	title = {Evolutionary biology - Sizing up dung beetle evolution},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5323},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 0EnglishEditorial MaterialXK418SCIENCE},
	month = {Jul 11},
	pages = {184-184},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XK41800025},
	author = {Roush, W.}
}
@article {2181,
	title = {Two nesting behaviours and life history of a subsocial African dung-rolling beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {457-469},
	abstract = {Nesting behaviour of a large-sized dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus (Gerstaecker), was observed at the Tsavo West National Park, south-eastern Kenya. Although this species is taxonomically a member of a dung-roller group (that is, subfamily Scarabaeinae), it had not only a rolling behaviour but also a tunneller behaviour for nesting. In the former case, the scarab rolled a chunk or a ball of dung some distance (0.5-15.5 m) away from the dung pat and buried it under the ground. In the latter case, it dug a tunnel near the dung pat (0-1 m) and transported several pieces of dung into the burrow. In both cases, brood nests were completed by a female alone or by male-female co-operation. Four days after dung burial, the female made one to four brood balls out of buried dung, in each of which she deposited an egg. On the other hand, the male left the nest soon after the female completed oviposition. Even after oviposition, the female stayed in the nest and cared for her progeny until they emerged. This indicates that S. catenatus is subsocial. A major source of offspring mortality was likely to be predation by driver ants (Dorylus sp.). Most females seemed to breed one time in each of two or more successive rainy seasons. },
	keywords = {dung beetle, life history, maternal care, nesting behaviour, Scarabaeus catenatus, subsociality.},
	author = {Sato, H.}
}
@article {2217,
	title = {Niche separation in coprophagous beetles: a comparison of two multivariate approaches},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {87},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {625-631},
	abstract = {Coprophagous beetles (endocoprid and paracoprid Scarabaeidae, Hydrophili- dae, and Staphylinidae) were extracted from 698 sheep droppings from a pasture in southwest Germany. To quantify the pairwise niche overlap of these species, pairwise discriminant function analysis was used to calculate the overlap of the discriminant distributions in a four-dimensional niche space. Niche separation was studied considering the following four factors: season (month) and macrohabitat when and where the dropping was deposited, dropping size, and water content of the dropping. Multiple discriminant function analysis was used to describe the distribution of species in a space defined by four discriminant functions. The first discriminant function was mostly influenced by the factor {\textquoteleft}season{\textquoteright}. The importance of different factors for niche separation in different functional groupings of dung beetles is compared with results from the literature. Advantages and disadvantages of pairwise and multiple discriminant function analysis, and univariate evaluation methods are compared. The following problems and restrictions of discriminant function analyses are emphasized: (i) the usage of non-numerical variables; (ii) the calculation of niche breadths; (iii) failures, when bimodally distributed variables are considered; and (iv) the ecological interpretation of statistical significances.},
	author = {Sowig, P}
}
@article {2222,
	title = {Endoparasite control strategies: Implications for biodiversity of native fauna},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {173-180},
	abstract = {Efforts to control the spectrum of diseases that affect humans, our crops and our animals pose problems which need to be debated openly. Widespread use of chemicals in such a broad sphere raises important concerns not only about safety for the users, consumers and target species, but especially about the not so obvious effects upon the ecosystems in which they are used. Some undetermined level of biological diversity is necessary to maintain ecological function and resilience. These, in turn, are necessary for generating the biological resources (trees, fish, wildlife, crops) and ecological services (watershed protection, air cleansing, climate stabilisation, erosion control) on which economic activity and human welfare depend, The driving forces behind decline of biodiversity stem entirely from human activities. Underlying causes are those resulting from the cultural and social factors associated with economic activities and lead to direct depletion of species, and degradation or destruction of habitats. The broad spectrum and high efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones against nematode and arthropod parasites of livestock and companion animals are unprecedented. Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, dogs-to varying degrees all are utilised by humans for economic gain. Detrimental impact upon non-target animals is considered acceptable in eradicating parasites because of their economic importance to commercial livestock production. Production will increase when these parasites are eliminated, but we remain oblivious to the long-term consequences of our actions, What are the ecological limits to rural economic activities? Decomposing animal faeces help to maintain our ecosystem by returning valuable nutrients to the soil. Dung fauna-fungi, yeast, bacteria, nematodes, insects and earthworms-play a non-conspicuous but important and varied role in this decomposition process, a role dependent upon many factors, especially environmental ones, Anthelmintics and pesticides are of considerable value in agriculture, but largely at an unevaluated cost to the greater environment, We have insufficient knowledge of the extent to which a spectrum of anthelmintics and pesticides affect ecological function and ecosystem resilience in our commercial plant and animal production systems. It is time we developed a genuine interest in avoiding {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}the dialogue of the deaf{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} that in the past has minimised interdisciplinary research between environmental ecology and commercial plant and animal production. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {anthelmintics, ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN, avermectins, biological diversity, cattle dung, ecological function, ecological resilience, macrocyclic lactones, musca-vetustissima, pastureland ecology, pesticides, scarabaeine dung beetle, TREATING CATTLE},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WN33300006},
	author = {Spratt, D. M.}
}
@article {2242,
	title = {Activity of dung beetle and its effect on dung patch existence in grazed pasture},
	journal = {Grassland Science},
	volume = {43},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	author = {Takigawa, Koji and Sato, Mitsunori and Yanagi, Asako and Asaoka, Sohei and Yamashita, Nobuo and Nakanishi, Yoshitaka and Manda, Masaharu and Yanagita, Koichi and Hayakawa, Hirofumi}
}
@article {2262,
	title = {Consideracoes sobre forrageio arboreo por Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), e dados sobre sua ocorrencia  em floresta tropical do Brasil},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {72},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {55-61},
	keywords = {Atlantic rainforest, brazil, dung beetle, foraging, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. and Louzada, Julio N. C.}
}
@article {2276,
	title = {A new Trichillum Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Uruguay},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {93-98},
	abstract = {Trichillum morellii, a new species of Scarabaeidae from Uruguay, is described and illustrated. A key to the subgenus Trichillurn Harold is also provided. The study includes brief remarks about ecological preferences and daily activity.},
	author = {Verdu, Jose R. and Galante, Eduardo}
}
@article {2292,
	title = {Iridescent dung beetles: A different angle},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997Research ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {132-141},
	abstract = {Iridescence, in both the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectra, is produced by various means and may serve several functions in different animals. In insects, such colors are often considered as anti-predator adaptations, either crypsis or aposematism, or a means of thermoregulation. A less explored alternative is social signaling. Iridescent colors are particularly useful in this context because they are brightest from certain directions and body orientation could be employed to direct a visual signal to particular receivers. In phanaeine dung beetles the head and prothoracic shield reflect a visible-light and UV iridescence that is best seen from a position facing the insect. The less iridescent male horn is silhouetted against the prothoracic shield. Since, horn size is indicative of male size, such a display may be directed to sexual competitors in agonistic interactions. Broad and reflective prothoracic surfaces on males might also be preferred by females choosing a mate, who will cooperate in future brood care, since they would make infestations of kleptoparasitic flies more obvious.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis), Invertebrata-, Invertebrate, morphology-},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina}
}
@article {2305,
	title = {Coprophilous arthropod community from Argentina with species of potential use as biocontrol agents against pest flies},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {191-200},
	abstract = {Dung-inhabiting pest flies are one of the main problems associated with the accumulation of cattle dung. This work analyzes the diversity and dynamics of a Coprophilous community from northern Buenos Aires, Argentina, in a search for potential biocontrol agents. Thirty-SH dung pads of 3 age categories and 4 microhabitats were collected on each sampling date and examined for their arthropod fauna. Some of the species with undefined feeding behavior were subjected to feeding trials in the laboratory. We found 34 coprophagous species, 47 predators, and 13 parasitoids. The combination of the results of the feeding trials, co-oc- currence and abundance data of the prey and predator populations, and direct Held obser- vations were used to put together a trophic web and hypothesis on the dynamics of the community. Dung scarabs cause significant reductions in immature dung fly survival by burying and desiccating large amounts of dung. The Philonthini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are the most abundant and rich predator group, although they are slow to respond to variations in fly populations. However, predatory flies show the same abundance curves as their prey flies. Predatory beetles and flies, dung scarabs, and pupal parasitoids cause additive mortality to the fly population, whereas larval parasitoids cause some compensatory mortality. Four species of staphylinids, 1 predatory muscid, and a coprophagous scarab could have potential as biocontrol agents. The perspectives of success and convenience of a horn fly biocontrol scheme in south- ern South America are discussed.},
	keywords = {biocontrol of pest flies, Dung beetles, flv parasitoids, fly predators, manure ecology, Philonthini},
	author = {Walsh, G. Cabrera and Cordo, Hugo A,}
}
@article {2306,
	title = {Laboratory culture of beneficial dung scarabs},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 24Cited References:      *MINITAB, 1991, MINITAB REF MAN REL     BLUME RR, 1975, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V4, P735     BOERO JJ, 1976, PARASITOSIS ANIMALES     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1976, AUSTR MEAT RES COMMI, V30, P1     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1960, J AUST I AGR SCI, V26, P54     DOUBE BM, 1988, B ENTOMOL RES, V78, P63     DOUBE BM, 1987, S AFR J SCI, V83, P187     DRUMMOND RO, 1988, CONTROL ARTHROPOD PE     EDWARDS PB, 1985, J AUST ENTOMOL SOC, V24, P103     FINCHER GT, 1986, SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL, V11, P203     FINCHER GT, 1987, SW ENT, V12, P321     GILLARD P, 1967, J AUST I AGR SCI, V33, P30     HALFFTER G, 1981, AN ESC NAC CIENC BIO, V25, P117     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEX, V12, P14     HALFTTER G, 1982, NESTING BEHAV DUNG B     HUGHES RD, 1978, B ENTOMOL RES, V68, P361     MACLUSKY DS, 1960, J BR GRASSL SOC, V15, P181     MCKINNEY GT, 1975, J APPL ECOL, V12, P831     PETERSON RG, 1956, AGRON J, V48, P440     PONT AC, 1973, INSECTS OTHER ARTHRO, P251     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1990, B ENTOMOL RES, V80, P473     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1985, ENTOMOPHAGA, V30, P217     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     WALSH GC, 1996, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V89, P581EnglishArticleWH859J ECON ENTOMOL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {124-129},
	abstract = {Cattle dung accumulation presents problems of pasture fouling, nutrient loss, intestinal parasitosis, and pest fly development. These problems have been confronted, with variable success, with the introduction of coprophagous scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). This work reports the results of field collections and laboratory culture of immature and adult dung scarabs. We compared several treatments of eggs and larvae in search of good methods for rearing scarabs in aseptic conditions. We collected 13 abundant species from northern and central Argentina. We obtained approximate to 4,500 eggs, some of which we sent to quarantine facilities in the United States, and others which we reared in our laboratory with 5 different techniques. Five common and widespread species, Ontherus sulcator (F.), Gromphas lacordairet Brulle, Dichotomius semiaeneus (Germar), Sulcophanaeus menelas (Castelnau), and Bolbites onitoides Harold, had the highest oviposition rates and were also the easiest to rear. Two methods, freeze-dried and gamma sterilized brood masses and balls, provided the best results (i.e., percentage of beetles completing development). As a rule, the species with short larval development time and wide distributions were easier to rear.},
	keywords = {beetles coleoptera, broodballs, diptera, dung beetle rearing, Dung beetles, muscidae, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH85900019},
	author = {Walsh, G. C. and Cordo, H. A. and Briano, J. A. and Gandolfo, D. E. and Logarzo, G. A.}
}
@article {1296,
	title = {Dung preference of the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus Fab (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae) from Kuwait},
	journal = {Journal Of Arid Environments},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {511-516},
	abstract = {Adult dung beetles, Scarabaeus cristatus, consume the fluid components of dung and bury whole dung as food for their larvae. When dung from three herbivorous animals, horse, camel and sheep, was offered, the beetles preferred the more fluid horse dung to the others. Sheep dung was preferred to the camel dung. The dung of two carnivores, dog and fox, was also accepted but to a lesser extent than the herbivore dung.},
	keywords = {Dung, dung beetle, Kuwait, Scarabaeus cristatus},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WQ58300012 },
	author = {Al-Houty, Wasmia and Al-Musalam, Faten}
}
