@article {1496,
	title = {Dung beetle diversity in South Africa: influential factors, conservation status, data inadequacies and survey design},
	journal = {African Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 65Cited References:      *STATSOFT INC, 1995, STATISTICA WIND COMP     *WEATH BUR, 1965, CLIM S AFR 8     BOND WJ, 1994, S AFR J SCI, V90, P391     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1971, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V11, P133     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1979, S AFR J SCI, V75, P257     CAMBEFORT Y, 1982, ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR, V18, P433     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P51     CINCOTTA RP, 2000, NATURE, V404, P990     COWLING RM, 1992, ECOLOGY FYNBOS NUTR, P23     DAVIES ALV, 1999, J BIOGEOGR, V26, P1039     DAVIS ALV, 1995, ACTA OECOL, V16, P641     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DAVIS ALV, 1996, AFR J ECOL, V34, P258     DAVIS ALV, 1994, AFR J ECOL, V32, P192     DAVIS ALV, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V31, P306     DAVIS ALV, 2001, DIVERSITY DISTRIBUTI, V7, P161     DAVIS ALV, 1989, ECOL ENTOMOL, V14, P11     DAVIS ALV, IN PRESS GLOBAL ECOL     DAVIS ALV, 1996, J AFR ZOOL, V110, P291     DAVIS ALV, 1993, J AM ZOOL, V107, P397     DAVIS ALV, 2001, J NAT HIST, V35, P1607     DAVIS ALV, 1994, J NAT HIST, V28, P383     DAVIS ALV, 1996, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V40, P260     DEAN WRJ, 1995, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V37, P103     DEMELLO FZV, 1998, COLEOPTERISTS B, V52, P209     DENT MC, 1989, 109189 WRC     DOUBE BM, 1990, B ENTOMOL RES, V80, P259     DOUBE BM, 1983, B ENTOMOL RES, V73, P357     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P133     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P383     EDWARDS PB, 1986, B ENTOMOL RES, V76, P433     EDWARDS PB, 1991, FUNCT ECOL, V5, P617     FAIRBANKS DHK, 2000, S AFR J SCI, V96, P69     FERREIRA MC, 1972, REV ENT MOCAM, V11, P5     FINCHER GT, 1970, J PARASITOL, V56, P378     GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V86, P584     GILL BD, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P211     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     HALFFTER G, 1974, QUAEST ENTOMOL, V10, P223     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P305     HOWDEN HF, 1975, BIOTROPICA, V7, P77     HOWDEN HF, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P155     INOUCHI J, 1986, CHEM SENSES, V11, P286     JANKIELSOHN A, 2001, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V30, P474     KOCH SO, 2000, J INSECT CONSERVATIO, V4, P45     KRELL FT, 1999, AFR ENTOMOL, V7, P287     LEGENDRE L, 1983, NUMERICAL ECOLOGY     LOW AB, 1996, VEGETATION S AFRICA     NEALIS VG, 1977, CAN J ZOOL, V55, P138     PHILIPS TK, 2001, AFRICAN ENTOMOLOGY, V8, P227     REID WV, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P275     REYERS B, 2000, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V267, P505     SCHOLTZ CH, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P75     SCHOLTZ CH, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P121     SHIBUYA, 1982, JAPANESE J APPL ENTO, V26, P194     STEENKAMP HE, 1996, BIOL CONSERV, V78, P305     TYSON PD, 1986, CLIMATIC CHANGE VARI     VANJAARSVELD AS, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P2106     VANRENSBURG BJ, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V88, P145     WALTER H, 1964, KLIMADIAGRAMM WELTAT     WALTER P, 1983, B SOC ZOOLOGIQUE FRA, V108, P397     WATERHOUSE DF, 1974, SCI AM, V230, P101     WESSELS KJ, 1998, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V7, P1093     WILLIAMS P, 2000, BELGIAN J ENTOMOL, V2, P21     WILLIAMS P, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P155EnglishArticle563GBAFR ENTOMOL},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {53-65},
	abstract = {Dung beetles are useful as indicators in conservation and global warming studies owing to their specialized regional and local distribution patterns. However, existing South African data are inadequate for indication at the necessary degree of spatial resolution. To improve the database, Survey methods need to Lie designed according to the spatial and temporal factors that influence dung beetle diversity. Across four major climatic regions, there are seven principal species distribution centres for dung beetles in which activity is influenced primarily by difference, in rainfall seasonality and temperature, Across these regions, generic endemism is largely concentrated around the coastline and in montane areas. The conservation status of endemic genera is discussed. At a local scale, spatial diversity is influenced primarily by soil, vegetation and dung type. Maximum local diversity of dung beetles is observed after rainfall and decreases as surface conditions become warmer and drier. After workshop discussions, a coarse-grained, asymmetrical gradsect survey grid has been designed according to vegetative, climatic and land-usage gradients across South Africa. It is suggested that each survey point across these regional gradients should comprise a quarter-degree square in which local ecological gradients should be surveyed for invertebrates, Baited pitfall trapping is an easy method to provide quantitative data for dung beetles across such environmental gradients. Lining up each catch on a tray provides a relatively quick way to compare the specimens, identify the species present, and provide a quantitative assessment of species abundance. Data collection may be conducted on one or more occasion., to accommodate seasonal and daily variation in species occurrence. This exercise could identify localities suitable for ecotourism reserves representative of the variation in ecotypes across the country, particularly, in coastal, natural grass and wooded regions, where many invertebrate taxa are endangered by habitat fragmentation including some rare dung beetle species.},
	keywords = {associations, biodiversity hotspots, COLEOPTERA, community, consequences, conservation, diversity, Dung, habitat fragmentation, hydrophilidae, populations, s str, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, south africa, staphylinidae, survey},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176247000006},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1507,
	title = {Historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9},
	year = {2002},
	note = {598JTJ BIOGEOGR},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1217-1256},
	abstract = {Aim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.},
	keywords = {assemblage coleoptera, biogeography, community organization, dinosaurs, dispersal, distributional patterns, Dung, fragmentation, global, habitat, hindwing articulation, historical, mammals, rain-forest, s-str, Scarabaeinae, southern african, vicariance, w},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178273300010},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Philips, T. K.}
}
