@article {1304,
	title = {How localized are the distributions of Australian scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)?},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {143-149},
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, Australia, Dynastinae, endemic, Geotrupidae, Localized species distributions, relictual, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Allsopp, P. G.}
}
@article {1308,
	title = {Comparaci{\'o}n de la composici{\'o}n y riqueza de especies de escarabajos copr{\'o}fagos en remanentes de bosque de la Orinoquia Colombiana},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {113-125},
	author = {Amezquita and Forsythe and Lopera and Camacho}
}
@article {1309,
	title = {Comparaci{\'o}n de la composici{\'o}n y riqueza de especies de escarabajos copr{\'o}fagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) en remanentes de bosque de la Orinoquia Colombiana},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {113-126},
	keywords = {Colombia, community, deforestation, dung beetle (biological conservation 2007), fragmentation, richness, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Amezquita, Sandra J. and Forsyth, Adrian and Lopera, Alejandro and Camacho, Andr{\'e}s}
}
@article {1312,
	title = {Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {145-158},
	keywords = {Alouatta, Ateles, Dung beetles, secondary dispersal, seed dispersal, seed fate, seed predation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000079672600014},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1350,
	title = {Morfologia preimaginal y notas de biologia reproductiva en Malagoniella (Megathopomima) magnifica Balthasar, 1939 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Canthonina)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {109-121},
	keywords = {Canthonina, COLEOPTERA, life history, Neotropics, preimaginal morphology, Scarabaeidae, subsocial behavior},
	isbn = {0214-1353},
	author = {Barbero, Enrico and Palestrini, Claudia and Monteresino, Estela}
}
@article {1351,
	title = {Dung beetle conservation: effects of habitat and resource selection (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have a copydigital copy},
	pages = {75-84},
	abstract = {There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers worldwide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5\% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5\% and Geotrupidae for only 6\%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained. },
	keywords = {conservation, deforestation, domestic and wild ungulates, dung beetle, habitat and food selection, regeneration mammals, Scarabaeoidae},
	author = {Barbero, Enrico and Palestrini, Claudia and Rolando, Antonio}
}
@article {1385,
	title = {Interactions between dung, plants and the dung fauna in a heathland in northern Italy},
	journal = {Pedobiologia},
	volume = {43},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 58Cited References:      ANDERSON JR, 1984, J ECON ENTOMOL, V77, P133     BISTROM O, 1991, ENTOMOL FENNICA, V27, P53     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1976, AUSTR MEAT RES COMMI, V30, P1     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1970, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V10, P1     BREYMEYER A, 1974, EKOL POL, V22, P617     BRYAN RP, 1976, AUSTR J AGR RES, V27, P567     CALAFIORI MH, 1979, INFLUENCIA DICHOTOMI     CAMBEFORT Y, 1986, ACTA OECOL-OEC GEN, V7, P17     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P51     DEBIAGGI E, 1990, RIV PIEMONTESE STORI, V11, P3     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P97     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P255     DOUBE BM, 1990, ECOL ENTOMOL, V15, P371     DOUBE BM, 1988, ECOL ENTOMOL, V13, P251     ELLENBERG H, 1986, VEGETATION ECOLOGY C     FINCHER GT, 1986, BIOL CONTROL MUSCOID     FINCHER GT, 1981, J GA ENTOMOL SOC, V16, P316     FINCHER GT, 1975, J PARASITOL, V61, P759     FINCHER GT, 1973, J PARASITOL, V59, P396     GILLARD P, 1967, J AUST I AGR SCI, V33, P30     GUGLIELMETTOMUG.L, 1996, ALLIONIA, V34, P343     HALFFTER O, 1982, NESTING BEHAV DUNG B     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P5     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P75     HIRSCHBERGER P, 1994, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V38, P375     HIRSCHBERGER P, 1994, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V38, P475     HOLTER P, 1983, EARTHWORM ECOLOGY, P49     HOLTER P, 1988, HOLARCTIC ECOL, V11, P81     HOLTER P, 1982, OIKOS, V39, P213     HOLTER P, 1979, OIKOS, V32, P393     HOLTER P, 1975, OIKOS, V26, P177     HUGHES RD, 1978, B ENTOMOL RES, V68, P361     HUGHES RD, 1985, J AUST ENTOMOL SOC, V24, P65     HUGHES RD, 1975, J AUST ENTOMOL SOC, V14, P129     KABIR SMH, 1985, BANGLADESH J AGR, V10, P49     KIRK AA, 1982, B ENTOMOL RES, V73, P129     KIRK AA, 1992, ENTOMOPHAGA, V37, P507     LAMARET JP, 1991, DRUG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P97     LUMARET JP, 1983, B SOC ENTOMOL FR, V88, P481     LUMARET JP, 1980, ECOL MEDIT, V5, P51     LUMARET JP, 1990, MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT     MACQUEEN A, 1975, CAN J PLANT SCI, V55, P961     MITTAL IC, 1993, TROPICAL ECOLOGY, V34, P150     NAKAMURA Y, 1975, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V15, P129     PAPP L, 1992, FOLIA ENTOMOLOGICA H, V54, P107     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1988, B ENTOMOL RES, V78, P633     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1986, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V41, P83     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1982, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V32, P80     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1982, P 3 AUST C GRASSL IN     ROUGON D, 1981, AGECOP LIAISON, V59, P36     ROUGON D, 1988, REV ECOLOGIE BIOL SO, V25, P413     SALIN M, 1992, APPL STAT CON SPSS     SESTINI A, 1957, ITALIA FISICA     UREN SC, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P208     VALIELA I, 1974, AM MIDL NAT, V92, P370     WASSMER T, 1995, ACTA OECOL, V16, P461     WATERHOUSE DF, 1974, SCI AM, V230, P100     ZUNINO M, 1994, ECOLOGY ETHOLOGY EVO, V6, P451EnglishArticle175KVPEDOBIOLOGIA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {97-109},
	abstract = {The influence of the insect fauna on cattle dung degradation and the development of a natural vegetal community was studied during three successive summers in a heathland in northern Italy. In 1992 and 1993, small (864 cm(2)) rectangular iron sheet frames were placed on the ground and assigned to three experimental groups: one (Control) had no dung, the second contained an artificially made (0.5 kg) dung pat protected with a mesh in order to exclude insects, while the third group contained dung which was colonised by insects. Above-ground primary production within the cages was collected at regular intervals from June to September. Dung addition had a huge effect on plant growth in both years (+29-31 \%), in addition to this, in the first year, but not in the second, dung insects transferred to the soil an amount of organic material that also significantly stimulated (+14.5 \%) the external growth of the plants. We suggest that the difference between 1992 and 1993 could have been determined by different numbers of grazing cattle in the study area: in consequence of this, we hypothesise that dung insects populations were larger and more active in the first year compared with the second. In 1994, the role of the insect fauna on dung degradation was investigated in greater detail. The total dry matter decrease in dung attributable to the activity of the insect community, after 20 days from dung deposition, was 18.4 \% of the original dry weight; of that percentage, less than one third (5.8 \%) was related to underground nesting (paracoprid) beetles. Earthworms were not active in the season when our survey was carried out. We concluded that the dung insect fauna can influence dung degradation and the growth of a natural plant community occurring on an acidic and impoverished soil, but that these effects are only of minor importance. This seems to be a consequence of the low densities of dung beetles in the study area and the absence of large-sized paracoprid and telecoprid scarabaeid species.},
	keywords = {abundance, beetles coleoptera, bush fly, cattle dung, disappearance, dung degradation, dung fauna, earthworms, Europe, muscidae, plant growth, Scarabaeidae, sheep dung, vetustissima walker diptera},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000079093300001},
	author = {Borghesio, L. and Luzzatto, M. and Palestrini, C.}
}
@article {1435,
	title = {Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) attracted to woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha Humboldt) dung at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have book-need to scan},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {155-159},
	abstract = {The species list of Scarabeinae attracted to woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha Humboldt) dung at Tinigua National Park, Meta, Colombia is presented. Nineteen species of dung beetles in nine genera were captured, representing 36.5\% of 52 species that have been found in the study area. This high proportion and the fact that woolly monkeys are the most abundant diurnal mammals in the study site suggest that woolly monkey dung can be especially important for the dung beetle community at Tinigua National Park. The results indicate the importance of conducting studies on the type and availability of food resources for tropical dung beetles.},
	keywords = {mammals},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081116000008 },
	author = {Castellanos, Maria Clara and Escobar S. , Federico and Stevenson, Pablo R.}
}
@article {1464,
	title = {Dispersal of dung containing ivermectin in the field by Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {119-123},
	abstract = {Fifty-five species of exotic dung beetles have been introduced into Australia and in many areas, several species are now established and often abundant. Controversy exists in the dung beetle literature concerning the use of ivermectin as an anthelmintic treatment for livestock and its subsequent lethal and sub-lethal effects on adult dung beetles. Astudy was conducted in the field exposing replicate dung pats containing residues of ivermectin excreted 0{\textendash}15 days post-injection. At the time of the study, the introduced species of dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Schreber) was present in high numbers (>1000 beetles per pat). After 24h exposure, dung pats collected from cattle treated 7 and 10 days earlier with ivermectin were dispersed significantly less than untreated dung. Asimilar pattern was evident in the numbers of dung beetles present in each pat. This study is discussed in the context of anthelmintic usage in cattle and their potential ecotoxic effects against dung beetles.},
	author = {Dadour, I. R. and Cook, D. F. and Neesam, C.}
}
@article {1468,
	title = {Perching behaviour in Bornean dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {271GRCOLEOPTS BULL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {365-370},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the current knowledge of perching behaviour in dung beetles, and records for the first time perching behaviour in three species of Onthophagus Latreille dung beetles in lowland rainforest in Borneo: O. mulleri (Lansberge), O. rorarius (Harold) and O. rugicollis (Harold). Field observations suggest tentatively that perching behaviour may have evolved as a thermoregulatory mechanism in at least two of these species. Ninety-nine dung beetle species were recorded from the Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah. and so, unlike other tropical forest sites where this behaviour is relatively common, only a few species display perching behaviour, suggesting differences in forest structure and/or resource supply between this and other forests.},
	keywords = {sabah, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084586300011},
	author = {Davis, A. J.}
}
@article {1469,
	title = {Species packing in tropical forests: Diel flight activity of rainforest dung-feeding beetles (Coleoptera : Aphodiidae, Scarabaeidae, Hybosoridae) in Borneo},
	journal = {Raffles Bulletin of Zoology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {276PNRAFFLES BULL ZOOL},
	month = {Dec 31},
	pages = {473-486},
	abstract = {I describe an activity study in which pitfall and flight intercept traps are used to collect rainforest dung beetles at Danum Valley Field Centre in northern Borneo over five 34 hour periods. Nine hundred and thirty two individuals of 47 species are recorded, from the families Scarabaeidae (subfamily Coprinae and Scarabaeinae), Aphodiidae (subfamily Aphodiinae) and Hybosoridae (subfamily Hybosorinae). There are two peaks in activity, one at mid-night and one at mid-hay, with a very significant difference recorded between the two groups tone-way ANOVA, F = 16.80, df = 8, P < 0.0001), but no statistical difference within the tribes/subfamilies at each peak of flight activity. Results go against an expectation that species differentiation against any resource gradient in tropical rainforest should be complex and lead to multiple guild structures, although I suggest that the examination of more species-rich genera in any group of closely competing individuals may show greater differentiation through time. I conclude that the temporal overlap of many species at the same spatial scale in the rainforests at Danum Valley may be explained by the presence of several functional groups at each focus of activity, which allay inter-specific competition and allow the coexistence of species that show little differentiation from each other through time.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084886700011},
	author = {Davis, Andrew J.}
}
@article {1498,
	title = {Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae): Mass-scaling and temperature dependence},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 38Cited References:      BUCK J, 1955, BIOL BULL, V109, P144     COSSINS AR, 1987, TEMPERATURE BIOL ANI     DUNCAN FD, 1997, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V22, P310     EDWARDS PB, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P527     HACK MA, 1997, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V22, P325     HADLEY NF, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V177, P169     HAMILTON AG, 1964, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V160, P373     KANWISHER JW, 1966, BIOL BULL, V130, P96     KESTLER P, 1985, ENV PHYSL BIOCH INSE, P137     LEVY RI, 1966, J INSECT PHYSL, V12, P83     LEVY RI, 1966, J INSECT PHYSL, V12, P105     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V41, P309     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J COMP PHYSIOL B, V163, P11     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, J EXP BIOL, V198, P521     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, J EXP BIOL, V198, P1613     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V180, P229     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V179, P233     LIGHTON JRB, 1992, J EXP BIOL, V173, P289     LIGHTON JRB, 1991, J EXP BIOL, V159, P249     LIGHTON JRB, 1990, J EXP BIOL, V154, P509     LIGHTON JRB, 1990, J EXP BIOL, V151, P71     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, J EXP BIOL, V134, P363     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V42, P347     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, J INSECT PHYSL, V34, P361     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V68, P43     LIGHTON JRB, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P142     LIGHTON JRB, 1985, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V58, P390     LOUW GN, 1986, J EXP BIOL, V120, P443     MILLER PL, 1974, PHYSL INSECTA, V4, P345     PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI     PUNT A, 1956, MULL PHYSL COMP OECO, V4, P132     PUNT A, 1950, PHYSL COMP OECOL, V2, P59     QUINLAN MC, 1993, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V66, P628     SCHMIDTNIELSEN K, 1997, ANIMAL PHYSL ADAPTAT     SCHNEIDERMAN HA, 1955, BIOL BULL, V109, P123     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     WASSERTHAL LT, 1996, ADV INSECT PHYSIOL, V26, P297     WILKINS MB, 1960, NATURE, V185, P481EnglishArticle263MHPHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	pages = {555-565},
	abstract = {Although discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are known from many insects, the effects of body size and temperature on DGC have not been widely examined. Here, these effects are investigated in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species from mesic and xeric habitats. The investigation tests two hypotheses: that previous estimates of the scaling exponents for the DGC and its characteristics are more broadly applicable to insects, and that, in response to temperature, both DGC frequency and the quantity of CO2 emitted during the open (O) phase (O-phase emission volume) are modulated. Like previous workers, we find that (V) over dot (CO2) scaled as mass(0.968) and that O-phase emission volume scaled as mass(0.968) . However, temperature- associated increases in (V) over dot (CO2) (Q(10){\textquoteright}s of 2.19- 2.65) were modulated mostly by increases in DGC frequency since O-phase volumes remained constant across temperature. Flutter (F)-phase and O-phase durations were closely coupled to DGC duration, although the relationship between closed (C)-phase duration and DGC duration was less pronounced. We show that ventilation phase coefficients, previously considered a measure of the proportional duration of each phase of the DGC, calculated from the slopes of these relationships are a measure of change in phase duration with change in DGC duration and not a measure of the way in which total DGC duration is apportioned among phases. We suggest that proportions be used to estimate the contribution of each of the phases to the total duration of the DGC.},
	keywords = {ant, emission, formicidae, hymenoptera, insects, metabolism, respiratory transpiration, ventilatory patterns, water-loss},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084128100005},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Chown, S. L. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1503,
	title = {Species turnover, community boundaries and biogeographic composition of dung beetle assemblages across an altitudinal gradient in south Africa},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1039-1055},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Chown, S. L.}
}
@article {1523,
	title = {Seed dispersal by two amazonian primates, with notes on dung beetles},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {39},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing( 128aMeetingAnnual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, January 04 08, 2000English},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Ateles-belzebuth [white-bellied-spider-monkey] (C, Behavior-, Cebidae-: Primates-, Chordata-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Mammalia-, Plantae-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Dew, J. L.}
}
@article {1568,
	title = {Hormonal control of male horn lenght dimorphism in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {45-53},
	abstract = {Male dung beetles (Onthophagus taurus) facultatively produce a pair of horns that extend from the base of the head: males growing larger than a threshold body size develop long horns, whereas males that do not achieve this size grow only rudimentary horns or no horns at all. Here we characterize the postembryonic development of these beetles, and begin to explore the hormonal regulation of horn growth. Using radioimmune assays to compare the ecdysteroid titers of horned males, hornless males, and females, we identify a small pulse of ecdysteroid which is present in both hornless males and females, but not in horned males. In addition, we identify a brief period near the end of the final (third) larval instar when topical applications of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene can switch the morphology of developing males. Small, normally hornless, males receiving methoprene during this sensitive period were induced to produce horns in 80\% of the cases. We summarize this information in two models for the hormonal control of male dimorphism in horn length.},
	keywords = {Horned beetle, Juvenile hormone, male dimorphism, Polyphenism, Threshold},
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J. and Nijhout, H. Frederik}
}
@article {1589,
	title = {Tropical rain forest fragmentation, Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), and dung beetles at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {253-262},
	abstract = {In Neotropical rain forests, fresh mammal dung, especially that of howler monkeys, constitutes an important resource used by dung beetles as food and for oviposition and further feeding by their larvae. Tropical rain forest destruction, fragmentation, and subsequent isolation causing reductions in numbers of and the disappearance of howler moneys may result in decreasing numbers of dung beetles, but this has not been documented. In this study, we present information on the presence of howlers and dung beetles in 38 isolated forest fragments and 15 agricultural habitats. Howler monkeys were censused by visual means, while dung beetles were sampled with traps baited with a mixture of howler, cow, horse, and dog dung. Results indicated that loss of area and isolation of forest fragments result in significant decrements in howlers and dung beetles. However, dung beetle abundance was found to be closely related to the presence of howler monkeys at the sites and habitats investigated. Scenarios of land management designed to reduce isolation among forest fragments may help sustain populations of howler monkeys and dung beetles, which may have positive consequences for rain forest regeneration.},
	keywords = {Alouatta-palliata [howler-mo, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Cebidae-: Primates-, Chordata-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Conservation-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Mammalia-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Anzures D. , A. and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond}
}
@article {1698,
	title = {Phenology and biology of the Dung beetle Onthophagus hirculus Mannerheim (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 13Cited References:      BORNEMISSZA GF, 1971, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V11, P1     FINCHER GT, 1981, J GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGI, V16, P301     GIAMBRUNO ER, 1992, ACTUALIDADES TECNICA, V89, P20     GILLARD P, 1967, J AUST I AGR SCI, V33, P30     GONZALEZVAINER P, 1996, ACT 4 JORN ZOOL UR     GONZALEZVAINER P, 1998, ACTA ZOOLOGICA MEXIC, V73, P155     MORELLI E, 1997, COLEOPTS BULL, V51, P197     OHAUS F, 1909, STETTINER ENTOMOLOGI, V70, P3     TYNDALEBISCOE M, 1992, AUST J ZOOL, V40, P303     TYNDALEBISCOE M, 1981, B ENTOMOL RES, V71, P137     TYNDALEBISCOE M, 1978, B ENTOMOL RES, V68, P207     WALLACE MMH, 1983, B ENTOMOL RES, V73, P33     WATERHOUSE DF, 1974, SCI AM, V230, P100EnglishArticle271GRCOLEOPTS BULL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {303-309},
	abstract = {The seasonal activity of Onthophagus hirculus Mannerheim in a natural prairie of Uruguay was studied using physiological age- grading techniques. This beetle is a bivoltine species, active from spring to autumn. At 22 degrees C the mean development time from egg to adult was 44 days. Females start laying 25-30 days after emergence. During their lifetime, females lay 4.3 +/- 1.25 eggs (n = 10), each in its respective brood mass. The lifespan of females under laboratory conditions is 74.3 +/- 10.28 days (n = 10).},
	keywords = {Australia},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084586300002},
	author = {Gonzalez-Vainer, Patricia and Morelli, Enrique}
}
@article {1765,
	title = {Larval population density affects female weight and fecundity in the dung beetle Aphodius ater},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {316-322},
	keywords = {competition, fitness, lifetime fecundity, oviposition, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Hirschberger, Petra}
}
@article {1814,
	title = {Dung pad residence time covaries with male morphology in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {1. The immigration and emigration behaviours of Onthophagus taurus were investigated in a combination of field and laboratory experiments to examine patterns of dispersal in this species. 2. On average, the mean proportion of major males immigrating to baited pitfall traps decreased significantly with time. In contrast, the mean proportion of minor males and females did not change with time. 3. The time taken to emigrate from a dung pad differed significantly among major males, minor males, and females. This difference arose because major males spent a significantly shorter period of time residing within the dung pad. On average, more than 50\% of major males had emigrated from the dung pads after 30 h, some 4 h earlier than minor males and females. 4. When the effects of body size were controlled, major males with longer horns were shown to have longer wings. Because major males spend more time in flight, longer wings may be an adaptation to more frequent dispersal. Alternatively, longer wings in major males may compensate for the production of aerodynamically costly horns.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-pad-residence-time, emigration-, immigration-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Tomkins, Joseph L.}
}
@article {1836,
	title = {Does the populating of Corsica by dung beetles result from interspecific competition?},
	journal = {Annales De La Societe Entomologique De France},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1999},
	note = {S294CNANN SOC ENTOMOL FR},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {290-298},
	abstract = {The dung beetles include Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae and Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). These beetles constitute very well structured communities, under the control of a strong competition. Using the French dung beetle database, the faunas of Corsica and of the southern continental France were compared. The Corsican fauna is poorer than the continental one, with a low endemism rate, limited to the apterous species. Moreover, most of the species found in Corsica are generalist and/or very competitive.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085892500054},
	author = {Jay-Robert, P. and Lobo, J. M. and Lumaret, J. P.}
}
@article {1865,
	title = {Besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) coletados em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil},
	journal = {Annales da Sociedade de Entomologia Brasil},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {403-412},
	keywords = {brazil, dung beetle, ecology, Insecta, pasture},
	author = {Koller, Wilson W. and Gomes, Alberto and Rodrigues, Sergio R. and Alves, Rafael G. O.}
}
@article {1874,
	title = {Dung beetles unharmed by army ants in tropical Africa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Hymanoptera: Formicidae, Dorylinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {325-328},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten}
}
@article {1884,
	title = {Southern African dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) attracted by defensive secretions of Diplopoda},
	journal = {African Entomology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 9Cited References:      BERNON G, 1981, THESIS BOWLING GREEN     CAMBEFORT Y, 1980, ANN U DABIDJAN E, V13, P61     DORBIGNY H, 1913, ANN SOC ENTOMOLOGIQU, V82, P1     KRELL FT, 1997, ENTOMOLOGICA SCAND S, V51, P281     KRELL FT, 1998, ZOOLOGY ANAL COMP S1, V101, P12     PERINGUEY L, 1901, T S AFRICAN PHILOS S, V12, P1     SCHOLTZ CH, 1983, DUNG BEETLES     SCHOLTZ CH, 1986, INSECTS SO AFRICA     ZURSTRASSEN R, 1965, SENCKENBERG BIOL, V46, P219EnglishArticle292QKAFR ENTOMOL},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {287-288},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085806400015},
	author = {Krell, F. T.}
}
@article {1891,
	title = {Survival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {543-548},
	abstract = {Cattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adult E. intermedius exposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80\% and 100\%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility of E. intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of E. intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Lukhele, O. M. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1924,
	title = {An intercontinental comparison of dung beetle diversity between two mediterranean-climatic regions: Local versus regional and historical influences},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {91-103},
	abstract = {The species richness of biological communities is influenced by both local ecological, regional ecological, and historical factors. The relative importance of these factors may be deduced by comparison between communities in climatically and ecologically equivalent, but geographically and historically separate regions of the world. This claim is based on the hypothesis that community processes driven by similar local ecological factors lead to convergence in species richness whereas those driven by differing regional or historical factors lead to divergence. An intercontinental comparison between the winter rainfall regions of South Africa and the Iberian Peninsula showed that overall species richness of dung beetles was dissimilar at local, subregional and regional scales in Scarabaeidae s. str. but similar at all scales in Aphodiinae. Removal of species widespread in the summer rainfall region of Africa or the temperate region of Europe (regional component) resulted in dissimilarit y in species richness of mediterranean endemics at all scales in both dung beetle taxa. However, the lines joining each set of species richness values were parallel which may indicate similarities in processes between different mediterranean climatic regions despite slight differences in latitudinal range. The dominant pattern of dissimilarity or non-convergence may be related primarily to intercontinental differences in regional biogeographical and evolutionary history (faunal dispersal, glaciation effects in relation to geographical barriers to dispersal, speciation history, long-term disturbance history). The limited pattern of similarity or convergence in overall species richness of Aphodiinae may be a chance result or primarily related to intercontinental similarities in local ecological factors.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Aphodiinae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Population-Studies, Scarabaeidae- (Coleoptera-)},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1925,
	title = {Different ways of constructing octaves and their consequences on the prevalence of the bimodal species abundance distribution},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {87},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {262CQOIKOS},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {321-326},
	abstract = {Several studies on dung beetle communities suggest that their species abundance distribution is bimodal. This bimodality has been explained as a consequence of the mixture of local and non-local species in the communities. In this paper we demonstrate that bimodal distribution in dung beetles is a consequence of the method of octave construction, which increases the number of species present in the first octave. Although we do not rule out the existence of bimodality in species abundance distributions, we suggest that this should be confirmed by large sampling programs done at local and regional levels, and by the correct application of the octave construction method.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084048400012},
	author = {Lobo, J. M. and Favila, M. E.}
}
@article {1935,
	title = {Between-group differences in the Iberian dung beetle species-area relationship (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Nov-Dec},
	pages = {587-597},
	abstract = {Between-group alpha- and beta-diversity differences were derived from species-area relationships fitted to field data. The accuracy of spatial richness variation predictions based on area size was also checked. The log-log model (log S = c + z log A) was found to be the best-fit linear model, with slopes (z) ranging from 0.089 to 0.142. Between-group comparisons of z (slope) and q (intercept) parameters, using the S = q + cA(Z) curvilinear regression model, corroborated early results, indicating a lower beta-diversity (slope) for Scarabaeinae than for Geotrupinae and Aphodiinae. The latter group, probably more sensitive to environmental heterogeneity, should contribute more to species richness in large areas. alpha-Diversity is greater for Aphodiinae, more relevant to local diversity (1 km(2)), than for Scarabaeinae and considerably greater for these two groups than for Geotrupinae. As earlier results show that the richness of a single dung pat is rather more a function of the Scarabaeinae species pool, richness on dung pat scales is probably due more to the between-dropping mobile Scarabaeinae, while Aphodiinae contribute mainly to local and regional pool richness. Nearly 88 \% of the total richness variance is explained by area size. This percentage decreases to 37 \% when the spatial structure of area size and species number are extracted. The corresponding figures for Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae and Geotrupinae are 44, 22 and 31 \%, respectively. (C) 1999 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.},
	keywords = {APHODIUS SCARABAEIDAE, beta-diversity, CURVES, diversity, Dung beetles, Iberian, Peninsula, richness comparison, Scarabaeidae, species-area},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084618100002 },
	author = {Lobo, J. M. and Martin-Piera, F.}
}
@article {1978,
	title = {Biogeografia de areas y biogeografia de artropodos holarticos y mediterraneos},
	journal = {Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {535-560},
	keywords = {arthropods, dispersal, historical biogeography, holartic region, phylogeny, vicariance},
	author = {Martin-Piera, Fermin and Sanmartin, Isabel}
}
@article {1981,
	title = {The effects of male glandular secretions on female endocrine centers in Canthon cyanellus cyanellus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {208-216},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and Cruz R. , Magdalena}
}
@article {1982,
	title = {Comparative morphological analysis of testis follicles in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae, Geotrupinae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington},
	volume = {101},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {804-815},
	keywords = {dung beetle, spermatozoa, testis follicles},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and Cruz R. , Magdalena}
}
@article {1611,
	title = {Effects of Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae) on Seeds Dispersed by Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan Rain Forest},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {TY  - JOURM1  - Article type: Full Length Article / Full publication date: Mar., 1999 (199903). / Copyright 1999 Cambridge University Press},
	month = {1999/03},
	pages = {129-142},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {The dispersal of seeds by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and the role of dung beetles in determining the fate of the dispersed seeds were studied at Nouragues Station, French Guiana, during three 2-mo periods (April-May, 1995-97). Howler monkeys were observed to disperse seeds of 47 plant species. Monkey dung attracted 57 species of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), including tunnellers (maximum size 37 mm) and ball rollers (12.6 mm). The rate of seed burial was negatively correlated with seed size (10 plant species) and positively correlated with dung beetle size (six species of tunnellers). More than 80\% of small seeds (< 5 mm) and 30\% of large seeds (22 mm), were buried by the largest tunnellers. Dung beetles buried 13 to 23\% of seeds ranging 8-13 mm in width. The maximum average depth of burial was 28 cm and varied according to the species of dung beetle. The rate of disappearance of large dung clumps varied during the day and was completed by nocturnal dung beetles. Seeds of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (Sapotaceae) buried at 5 and 10 cm depths did not suffer predation, but showed low germination success compared to seeds left at the soil surface. Dung beetles affected the survival and distribution of a portion of the seeds dispersed by monkeys, and their relative importance in shaping seed fate depended on seed and beetle size.},
	keywords = {Alouatta seniculus, Dung beetles, French Guiana, rain forest, Scarabaeidae, seed dispersal},
	isbn = {0266-4674},
	url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0266-4674\%28199903\%2915\%3A2\%3C129\%3AEODB\%28O\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-O},
	author = {Feer, Francois}
}
@article {1638,
	title = {Spatial and temporal variation in species composition of dung beetle assemblages in southern Ireland},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Feb., 1999ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {24-36},
	abstract = {1. This study attempts to identify the main community characteristics that contribute to variability in dung beetle assemblage composition and structure across a range of spatial and temporal scales. 2. Dung beetle assemblages (Aphodius, Sphaeridium, and Geotrupes species) were monitored by dung-baited pitfall trapping at 10-day intervals during the seasonally active period at eleven sites in southern Ireland. Three of the sites were monitored over at least 2 years between 1991 and 1996. 3. Although the species composition of the above taxonomic groups was comparable among sites and years, relative abundances of component species varied considerably. Detrended correspondence analysis ordinations indicated a similar level of variability in dung beetle assemblage structure among years, and among sites apprxeq 1-180 km apart. 4. Processes that may contribute to spatio-temporal variability in dung beetle assemblages are discussed, and strategies for future research are suggested.},
	keywords = {Anim, Animalia-, Aphodius-spp. [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Environmental-Sciences), Geotrupes-spp. [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-), Invertebrata-, Sphaeridium-spp. [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-), Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Finn, John A. and Gittings, Tom and Giller, Paul S.}
}
@article {1650,
	title = {Environmental concerns regarding the use of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus in cattle},
	journal = {Canadian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {151-152},
	type = {letter},
	author = {Floate, K. D.}
}
@article {1654,
	title = {Indirect effects of ivermectin residues across trophic levels: Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {225-229},
	abstract = {Common house flies, Musca domesticaLinnaeus, were reared to pupation with exposure to ivermectin, washed, and then exposed to parasitism by Muscidifurax zaraptorKogan \& Legner. Pupae exposed to >=0.25 ppm ivermectin produced 63\% fewer parasitoids than did control pupae. Pupae exposed to 0.01 ppm ivermectin produced 23\% more parasitoids. Exposure to 0.10 ppm ivermectin had no detectable effect. Treatments did not affect the developmental time of male or female F 1parasitoids. Treatments did not affect the production of adult F2progeny by F 1 females, nor the sex ratios of these offspring. This study documents an indirect effect of ivermectin residues across trophic levels. It identifies altered host quality as another mechanism by which faecal residues of ivermectin may affect insect activity in dung of treated cattle. The importance of this phenomenon under field conditions is undetermined. },
	author = {Floate, K. D. and Fox, A. S.}
}
@article {1668,
	title = {Comparison of Mediterranean Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidae) in Cattle and Rabbit Dung},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have a copy},
	pages = {420-424},
	keywords = {beta diversity, species richness mammals},
	author = {Galante, Eduardo and Cartagena, M. Carmen}
}
@article {1676,
	title = {Elevation and climatic tolerance: a test using dung beetles},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {86},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 47Cited References:      ALLEE WC, 1949, PRINCIPLES ANIMAL EC     BENNETT AF, 1997, EVOLUTION, V51, P36     BLOCK W, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P581     BLOCK W, 1990, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V326, P613     BRATTSTROM BH, 1968, COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL, V24, P93     CHOWN SL, 1999, IN PRESS BIOL REV     CHOWN SL, 1992, S AFR J ANTARCT RES, V22, P51     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DAVIS ALV, IN PRESS J BIOGEOGR     DENLINGER DL, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P131     DOBZHANSKY T, 1950, AM SCI, V38, P209     EDNEY EB, 1971, J EXP BIOL, V55, P253     FERGUSON SH, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P382     FLEISHMAN E, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P2482     GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V84, P309     GASTON KJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P70     HOCHACHKA PW, 1984, BIOCH ADAPTATION     HODKINSON ID, 1996, FUNCT ECOL, V10, P314     HOFFMANN AA, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P1     HUEY RB, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P205     JAMES AC, 1997, GENETICS, V146, P881     JANZEN DH, 1967, AM NAT, V101, P233     JOHNSTON IA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE     KLOK CJ, 1998, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V44, P615     KLOK CJ, 1997, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V43, P685     KLOK CJ, 1998, J THERM BIOL, V23, P131     LEE RE, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P17     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1553     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1561     MELLANBY K, 1932, J EXP BIOL, V9, P222     MILLER K, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P595     MITCHELL JD, 1993, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V39, P523     MONGOLD JA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P239     MULLER MJ, 1982, SELECTED CLIMATIC DA     PURVIS A, 1995, COMPUT APPL BIOSCI, V11, P247     RAPOPORT EH, 1982, AREOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHI     ROBERTS CS, 1991, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V16, P463     ROSENBERG NJ, 1983, MICROCLIMATE BIOL EN     RUGGIERO A, 1998, BIOL J LINN SOC, V63, P283     SNYDER GK, 1975, AM NAT, V109, P93     SOMME L, 1989, BIOL REV, V64, P367     SOMME L, 1982, COMP BIOCH PHYSL A, V73, P519     SOMME L, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P318     STANLEY SM, 1980, AUST J ZOOL, V28, P413     STEVENS GC, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P893     STEVENS GC, 1989, AM NAT, V133, P240     STOREY KB, 1996, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V27, P365EnglishArticle230JNOIKOS},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {584-590},
	abstract = {An increase in the altitudinal range of occurrence of species in an assemblage with increasing elevation has been explained as a consequence of individual organisms having to be able to withstand a broader range of climatic conditions at higher elevations; the climatic variability hypothesis. Here we show that for scarab dung beetles (26 species) across an elevational transect (approx. 2500 In) in southern Africa thermal tolerance range does increase with increasing elevation across individuals and across species. The maximal thermal tolerance range exhibited increases slowly with elevation and the minimum range increases more rapidly. The mechanistic basis of the change appears to be one of rapidly changing critical thermal minimum (CTmin) with elevation and only small changes in critical thermal maximum (CTmax). Of course, even if the pattern of tolerance of species assumed by the climatic variability hypothesis is correct, an increase in altitudinal range with increasing elevation need not necessarily follow. However, although sampling has been limited, there does appear to be an elevational increase in altitudinal range for this species assemblage.},
	keywords = {arthropods, cold-hardiness, critical thermal maximum, desert, drosophila-melanogaster, latitudinal gradient, lepidoptera, namib, rapoports rule, temperature tolerance, tenebrionid beetles, terrestrial},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082248200019},
	author = {Gaston, K. J. and Chown, S. L.}
}
@article {1993,
	title = {The fate of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts ingested by dung beetles and their possible role in the dissemination of cryptosporidiosis},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {85},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {digital},
	pages = {678-681},
	keywords = {Cryptosporidium, cryptosporidosis, dung beetle, Dung beetles, ecological function, ecosystem service, ecosystem services, parasite supression},
	author = {Mathison, B and Ditrich, O}
}
@article {2010,
	title = {Heterotrophic succession within dung-inhabiting beetle communities in northern Spain},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {20},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	month = {june},
	pages = {527-535},
	keywords = {competition, Dung pats, dung-inhabiting beetles, food availability, heterotrophic succession, null model},
	author = {Menendez, Rosa and Gutierrez, David}
}
@article {2027,
	title = {Facultative paternal investment in the polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus; the role of male morphology and social context},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {641-647},
	keywords = {beetles, facultative parental investment, honest indicators, Onthophagus, phenotypic plasticity, Polyphenism, sexual selection},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P.}
}
@article {2033,
	title = {Proximate determination of male horn dimorphism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Jan., 1999ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {27-37},
	abstract = {The existence of discrete phenotypic variation within one sex poses interesting questions regarding how such intrasexual polymorphisms are produced and modified during the course of evolution. Approaching these kinds of questions requires insights into the genetic architecture underlying a polymorphism and an understanding of the proximate mechanisms determining phenotype expression. Here we explore the genetic underpinnings and proximate factors influencing the expression of beetle horns - a dramatic sexually selected trait exhibiting intramale dimorphism in many species. Two relatively discrete male morphs are present in natural populations of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini). Males exceeding a critical body size develop a pair of long, curved horns on their heads, while those smaller than this critical body size remain essentially hornless. We present results from laboratory breeding experiments designed to assess the relative importance of inherited and environmental factors as determinants of male morphology. Using father-son regressions, our findings demonstrate that horn length and body size of male progeny are not predicted from paternal morphology. instead, natural variation in an environmental factor, the amount of food available to larvae, determined both the body sizes exhibited by males as adults and the presence or absence of horns. The nonlinear scaling relationship between the body size and horn length of males bred in the laboratory did not differ from the pattern of variation present in natural populations, suggesting that nutritional conditions account for variation in male morphology in natural populations as well. We discuss our results by extending ideas proposed to explain the evolution of conditional expression of alternative phenotypes in physically heterogeneous environments toward incorporating facultative expression of secondary sexual traits. We use this synthesis to begin characterizing the potential origin and subsequent evolution of facultative horn expression in onthophagine beetles.},
	keywords = {allometry-, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, body-size, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Evolution-and-Adaptation, horn-dimorphism, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, mor, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): male-, Population-Studies},
	author = {Moczek, A. P. and Emlen, D. J.}
}
@article {2131,
	title = {New species of Canthonella Chapin (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Amazonian Brasil},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1-7},
	author = {Ratcliffe, Brett C. and Smith, Andrew B. T.}
}
@mastersthesis {2159,
	title = {Spatial Ecology of Dung Beetles},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {25},
	school = {University of Helsinki},
	address = {Helsinki},
	author = {Roslin, Tomas}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {A new pollination system: Dung-beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales) in Sarawak, Malaysia},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {digitalobligately pollinated by diurnal onthophagus (6-10mm)and secondarily by paragymnopleurus (13-20mm)},
	pages = {56-61},
	abstract = {Lowiaceae, a family of the Zingiberales, comprise 11 species in the single genus Orchidantha. Here we present the first report on the pollination of Lowiaceae and describe a new system of dung-beetle pollination from Sarawak, Borneo. Or- chidantha inouei has a zygomorphic flower located just above the ground. Obser vations revealed that the plant is visited frequently and is pollinated by scarabaeid dung beetles, mainly members of the genus Onthophagus. All four species of Onthophagus collected on O. inouei have also been caught using traps baited with dung or carrion in Borneo. Onthophagus was presumably attracted to the dung-like odor of the flower. Pollination of O. inouei is different from other examples of beetle pollination in that its flower provides neither reward nor protected space. Dung beetles are excellent at following a particular dung scent. Orchidantha is the only genus that includes species lacking floral nectar. It is interesting that this deception pollination using dung beetles was found in Zingiberales, in which all known species have mutual and specialized relationships with their long-distance, but costly, pollinators{\textemdash}bees, birds, and bats. },
	keywords = {annotated, asia, deceit pollination, dung beetle, ecological function, Lowiaceae, mixed dipterocarp forest, pollination, Sarawak, Zingiberales.},
	author = {Sakai, Shoko and Inoue, Tamiji}
}
@article {2209,
	title = {Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the diptera},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingLiterature ReviewEnglish},
	pages = {179-197},
	abstract = {Spiders, dung-feeding scarabs, social, and prey-storing insects provide predictable and concentrated sources of food for a variety of thief flies (kleptoparasites) and their larvae. Whenever waiting in the vicinity of the "host" for an opportunity to exploit its resources is more energy efficient and less dangerous than foraging among hosts, a number of intimate relationships between the fly and host may evolve. In extreme cases, flies may become long-term phoretic associates that travel with hosts even while the latter is in flight. The behaviors and ecologies of kleptoparasitic Diptera are reviewed with special attention paid to the adaptations of Sphaeroceridae phoretic upon Scarabaeidae. The mating systems of kleptoparasitic flies are influenced by the type of resource that is stolen; flies associated with predators are mostly female, while those found on scarabs are of both sexes. These differences are discussed in terms of mate location, sperm competition, and mate choice.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Diptera- (Diptera-), Diptera-: Insecta-, Environmental-Sciences), Evolution-and-Adaptation, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, kleptoparasitism-, m, mate-choice, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Sivinski, John and Marshall, Steve and Petersson, Erik}
}
@article {2257,
	title = {Conservation of heterogeneity among dung beetles in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism, South Africa},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {88},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {162JRBIOL CONSERV},
	month = {May},
	pages = {145-153},
	abstract = {In southern Africa the Maputaland Centre is one of the most significant, though less well-known, centres of biotic endemism. Here we examine variation in dung beetle assemblages between habitats and between reserves on two Maputaland reserves (Tembe Elephant Park and Sileza Nature Reserve). Dung beetle assemblages were found to be homogeneous within habitat types and within reserves, but assemblages differed between habitat types (Sand Forest and Mixed Woodland). There was, however, significant between-reserve heterogeneity in dung beetle assemblages for each particular habitat type. Given that there are significant differences in both dung beetles and plants, it is clear that these forests must be conserved in both Tembe and Sileza, especially because of increasing damage by elephants to Sand Forests in Tembe. We identify dung beetle indicator species that are specific to each habitat type in each reserve, and detector species that can be used to monitor changes in Sand Forests in those reserves. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000078342900001},
	author = {Van Rensburg, B. J. and McGeoch, M. A. and Chown, S. L. and Van Jaarsveld, A. S.}
}
@article {2259,
	title = {Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera:Scabaeoidea) de um fragmento de floresta amaz{\^o}nica no estado de Acre, Brasil},
	journal = {Annales da Sociedade de Entomologia Brasil},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {447-453},
	keywords = {Amazonia, Brasil, dung beetle, fragmentation, moist tropical forest (biological conservation 2007)},
	author = {Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.}
}
@article {2319,
	title = {Two-stage dispersal of Guarea glabra and G. kunthiana (Meliaceae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {481-496},
	keywords = {cloud forest, Costa Rica, germination, Guarea, scatterhoarding, secondary dispersal, seed predation},
	author = {Wenny, Daniel G.}
}
