@article {1344,
	title = {Reproduction of the dung beetle (Copris tripartitus) in the dung of cattle treated with cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {546-552},
	abstract = {Fresh dung was collected from untreated cattle and cattle dosed with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos (2.1 g/cow), on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 post-treatment. The survival and reproduction of the dung beetle Copris tripartitus Waterhouse, when given this dung was assessed. Residues of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in dung collected I day after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition by female C. tripartitus. However, there was no significant effect on egg-laying in dung collected at days 3, 5 or 7 days post-treatment. In a second generation of C. tripartitus, derived from beetles fed the dung from treated animals, residues in dung collected both 1 and 3 days after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition, and residues in dung collected 1 day after treatment inhibited dung consumption by newly emerged adults of C. tripartitus. It is concluded that dung voided by cattle treated with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos have toxic lethal effects for 1 day post-treatment and sub-lethal toxic effects on ovarian condition and brood-ball production in dung voided at 1 and 3 days posttreatment. The potential ecotoxic effects of these compounds are discussed in terms of dung beetle activity and strategies for parasite control of cattle in the Korean environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ABAMECTIN, COLEOPTERA, Dung beetles, INSECTS dung beetle, IVERMECTIN, reproduction, RESIDUES, Scarabaeidae, SURVIVAL, synthetic pyrethroid},
	isbn = {0929-1393},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000244172100010 },
	author = {Bang, Hea Son and Lee, Joon-Ho and Na, Young Eun and Wall, Richard}
}
@article {1371,
	title = {Seasonal activity and species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in North Carolina},
	journal = {Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America},
	volume = {98},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {digital copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {May},
	pages = {309-321},
	abstract = {Species composition and seasonal distribution of dung beetles were studied on dairy and beef cattle pastures in North Carolina. Study sites included a dairy located in the piedmont region (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC) and a combined dairy/beef facility in the coastal plain (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC). Dung beetles were trapped in cattle pastures from March 2002 through September 2003 by using dung-baited pitfall traps. Trapping yielded 4,111 beetles representing 14 species from the piedmont dairy, including Aphodius prodromus Brahm, a new record for North Carolina. Totals of 57,026 beetles representing 28 species and 28,857 beetles representing 26 species were trapped from the dairy unit and beef unit in the coastal plain site, respectively. Onthophagus gazella (F.), a second new record for North Carolina, was collected from the coastal plain. Beetles common to all collection sites include Aphodius erraticus (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Aphodius granarius (L.), Aphodius pseudolividus Balthasar, Onthophagus tattrus Scbreber, Onthophagus hecate hecate Panzer, and Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. The introduced beetle O. taurus dominated the dung beetle population, accounting for \&GT; 50\% of the total beetles caught at either site. Beetle activity was greatest from March until November, with activity declining during the winter. Nine exotic species in the genera Onthophagus and Aphodius represented nearly 95\% of the beetles trapped.},
	keywords = {African buffalo fly, aphodius, bovine dung, canada, cattle, coastal-plain, diptera, dung beetle, flies, growth, habitat, muscidae, north america, north carolina dung beetle, Onthophagus, onthophagus-taurus, piedmont, SURVIVAL},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228963400009 },
	author = {Bertone, Matt and Green, Jim and Washburn, Steve and Poore, Matt and Sorenson, Clyde and Watson, D. Wes}
}
@article {1382,
	title = {Onthophagus gazella: effect on survival of horn flies in the laboratory},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {1973},
	note = {requested 1/6 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {811-813},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service dung beetle, Horn Flies, Onthophagus gazella, SURVIVAL},
	author = {Blume, Richard R. and Matter, J. J. and Eschle, J. L.}
}
@article {1449,
	title = {Dung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid eggs into infective larvae in cattle faeces},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {julio has hard copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Dec 1},
	pages = {157-163},
	abstract = {In the perspective to reduce the use of antiparasitic drugs, any interaction between the processes that control the development of parasite eggs into infective larval stages (L3) in dung and the activities of different dung-breeding organisms becomes of interest. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dung beetle activity affected the development of parasite larvae in cattle dung. Faeces containing eggs of parasites (predominately Cooperia spp.) were pooled according to high (250-600 epg) or low (approx. 100 epg) egg counts. Experimental dung pats were formed for each category of faeces and to half of these pats, dung beetles (20 Aphodius rufipes, 20 A. scybalarius syn. rufus) were added and kept for 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH). Beetles were then removed and the pats were divided in two where half the pat was incubated for an additional 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH) and the other half was immediately analysed. A greater number of L3 were recovered from the dung subjected to beetle activity compared with control dung (P < 0.001). However, following an additional 12 days incubation of the dung, similar numbers of L3 were recovered from beetle-affected dung with high egg counts, whereas there were significantly greater numbers of L3 derived from the control dung (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in L3 recovery in the two categories of pats (i.e. high and low nematode egg counts). The results indicate that activity by Aphodius spp. in fresh dung can optimise conditions for nematode development to the infective larval stage if favourable environmental conditions prevail. Such synergistic effect may be due to the fact that dung beetles used in this study are dung dwellers, i.e. no substantial amount of the dung is removed or burrowed as these beetles feed, lay their eggs and the larval development takes place in brood chambers inside the dung. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Aphodius spp., avermectins, cattle dung, cattle-nematoda, cooperia-oncophora, Dung beetles, free-living stages, grazing cattle, impact, ivermectin dung beetle, nematode parasites, ostertagia-ostertagi, SURVIVAL, sweden},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000187397900017},
	author = {Chirico, J. and Wiktelius, S. and Waller, P. J.}
}
@article {1450,
	title = {Dung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid eggs into infective larvae in cattle faeces},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {julio has hard copy},
	month = {Dec 1},
	pages = {157-163},
	abstract = {In the perspective to reduce the use of antiparasitic drugs, any interaction between the processes that control the development of parasite eggs into infective larval stages (L3) in dung and the activities of different dung-breeding organisms becomes of interest. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dung beetle activity affected the development of parasite larvae in cattle dung. Faeces containing eggs of parasites (predominately Cooperia spp.) were pooled according to high (250-600 epg) or low (approx. 100 epg) egg counts. Experimental dung pats were formed for each category of faeces and to half of these pats, dung beetles (20 Aphodius rufipes, 20 A. scybalarius syn. rufus) were added and kept for 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH). Beetles were then removed and the pats were divided in two where half the pat was incubated for an additional 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH) and the other half was immediately analysed. A greater number of L3 were recovered from the dung subjected to beetle activity compared with control dung (P < 0.001). However, following an additional 12 days incubation of the dung, similar numbers of L3 were recovered from beetle-affected dung with high egg counts, whereas there were significantly greater numbers of L3 derived from the control dung (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in L3 recovery in the two categories of pats (i.e. high and low nematode egg counts). The results indicate that activity by Aphodius spp. in fresh dung can optimise conditions for nematode development to the infective larval stage if favourable environmental conditions prevail. Such synergistic effect may be due to the fact that dung beetles used in this study are dung dwellers, i.e. no substantial amount of the dung is removed or burrowed as these beetles feed, lay their eggs and the larval development takes place in brood chambers inside the dung. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Aphodius spp., avermectins, cattle dung, cattle-nematoda, cooperia-oncophora, Dung beetles, free-living stages, grazing cattle, impact, IVERMECTIN, nematode parasites, ostertagia-ostertagi, SURVIVAL, sweden},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000187397900017},
	author = {Chirico, J. and Wiktelius, S. and Waller, P. J.}
}
@article {1758,
	title = {Dung decomposition and pedoturbation in a seasonally dry tropical pasture},
	journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {have copy},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {177-181},
	keywords = {Australia, beetles scarabaeidae, burial, cattle dung, decomposition, dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, FIELD, fly, insect, parasite, pedoturbation, productivity, soil restoration, SURVIVAL, termites, tropical pastures},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VM70800014},
	author = {Herrick, J. E. and Lal, R.}
}
@article {1822,
	title = {A cost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus?},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {EnglishArticleJANJ EVOLUTION BIOL},
	pages = {57-64},
	abstract = {Parental care theory assumes that investment in current offspring will trade against future investment. A number of field studies on birds have used clutch size manipulations to demonstrate a survival cost to chick rearing. However, such studies do not account for costs accrued during earlier stages of reproduction because not all aspects of reproductive effort are manipulated by varying the number of nestlings. in this study, we investigate the effect of reproductive effort on female survival in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. By experimentally manipulating mating status and dung availability, we demonstrate that virgin females survive longer than mated females and that the survival of mated females was negatively associated with the number of brood masses produced. Using a novel manipulation of the mating system, we separated the effects of egg production and maternal care on female survival. Previously, we have shown that females provisioning with the assistance of a major male provide relatively less care than unassisted females. However, paternal assistance did not alter the number of brood masses produced and hence the amount of reproductive effort that was allocated to egg production. Therefore, our finding, that female survival was increased when receiving paternal assistance provides, to our knowledge, the first definitive evidence that maternal care reduces female lifespan. These results are of major importance to theoretical models on the evolution of parental care.},
	keywords = {BREEDING BLUE TITS, BROOD-SIZE, CLUTCH-SIZE, drosophila-melanogaster, fluctuating asymmetry, LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION, life-history trade-off, Onthophagus taurus, PARENTAL, Parental care, reproductive cost, reproductive effort, SURVIVAL},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W. and Kotiaho, J. S.}
}
@article {1853,
	title = {Critical processes affecting Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in the environment},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {309-323},
	abstract = {Cryptosporidiumareparasiticprotozoans that causegastrointestinal diseaseandrepresent asignificant risktopublic health. Cryptosporidiumoocystsareprevalentinsurfacewatersasaresult ofhuman, livestockandnativeanimal faecal contamination. Theresistanceofoocyststotheconcentrationsofchlorineandmonochloramineusedtodisinfectpotable waterincreasestheriskofwaterbornetransmissionviadrinkingwater. Inadditiontobeingresistanttocommonlyused disinfectants, itisthoughtthatoocystscanpersistintheenvironmentandbereadilymobilizedbyprecipitationevents. This paper will reviewthecriticalprocessesinvolved intheinactivationorremovalofoocystsintheterrestrialandaquatic environmentsandconsiderhowtheseprocesseswillrespond inthecontextofclimatechange. },
	keywords = {climatechange, Cryptosporidium, environment, inactivation, processes, review, SURVIVAL},
	author = {King, B. J. and Monis, P. T.}
}
