@article {1750,
	title = {Patterns of animal diversity in different forms of tree cover in agricultural landscapes},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {16},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1986-1999},
	abstract = {As tropical regions are converted to agriculture, conservation of biodiversity will depend not only on the maintenance of protected forest areas, but also on the scope for conservation within the agricultural matrix in which they are embedded. Tree cover typically retained in agricultural landscapes in the neotropics may provide resources and habitats for animals, but little is known about the extent to which it contributes to conservation of animal species. Here, we explore the animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover for birds, bats, butterflies, and dung beetles in a pastoral landscape in Nicaragua. We measured species richness and abundance of these four animal taxa in riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, live fences, and pastures with high and low tree cover. We recorded over 20000 individuals of 189 species including 14 endangered bird species. Mean abundance and species richness of birds and bats, but not dung beetles or butterflies, were significantly different among forms of tree cover. Species richness of bats and birds was positively correlated with tree species richness. While the greatest numbers of bird species were associated with riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, and pastures with > 15\% tree cover, the greatest numbers of bat species were found in live fences and riparian forest: Species assemblages of all animal taxa were different among tree cover types, so that maintaining a diversity of forms of tree cover led to conservation of more animal species in the landscape as a whole. Overall, the findings indicate that retaining tree cover within agricultural landscapes can help conserve animal diversity, but that conservation efforts need to target forms of tree cover that conserve the taxa that are of interest locally. Preventing the degradation of remaining forest fragments is a priority, but encouraging farmers to maintain tree cover in pastures and along boundaries may also make an important contribution to animal conservation.},
	keywords = {agricultural matrix, and dung beetle diversity, bat, BAT SPECIES RICHNESS, biodiversity assessment, bird, butterfly, farming systems, fences, forest fragments, live, N, Nicaragua, riparian forests, species richness, trees in pastures, tropical rain-forest},
	isbn = {1051-0761},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241362400032 },
	author = {Harvey, C. A. and Medina, A. and Sanchez, D. M. and Vilchez, S. and Hernandez, B. and Saenz, J. C. and Maes, J. M. and Casanoves, F. and Sinclair, F. L.}
}
@article {1850,
	title = {Estimating the effectiveness of further sampling in species inventories},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1239-1249},
	keywords = {beetle inventories, cost effectiveness, estimation methodologies, estimators of effectiveness, Glacier National Park (USA), negative binomial estimation, sampling effectiveness, species inventories, species-abundance distribution, vascular plant inventori},
	author = {Keating, Kim A. and Quinn, James F. and Ivie, Michael A. and Ivie, LaDonna L.}
}
@article {1678,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation and arthropod community change: Carrion beetles, phoretic mites, and flies},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {79-85},
	abstract = {Little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on forest insect communities. We studied relationships among carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae), an insect guild important to decomposition processes in forests, the beetles{\textquoteright} phoretic mites, and the beetles{\textquoteright} primary competitors, muscoid flies, along an urban-rural gradient of forest fragmentation in central New York State, USA. Species richness of carrion beetle communities was reduced by one-third and beetle abundance by two-thirds in fragmented forests whereas flies were 1.5x more abundant in forest fragments than in contiguous forests. The commensal relationship between carrion beetles and their phoretic mites was more variable in heavily fragmented sites, with beetles typically having unusually low or high mite loads. The beetles thriving in fragmented forests were generally small-bodied habitat generalists. This study indicates that forest fragmentation has a profound impact on carrion beetle communities, although the mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unresolved.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Gibbs, J. P. and Stanton, E. J.}
}
@article {2194,
	title = {Biodiversity indicator groups of tropical land-use systems: Comparing plants, birds, and insects},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	note = {863NNECOL APPL},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1321-1333},
	abstract = {Tropical landscapes are dominated by land-use systems, but their contribution to the conservation of biodiversity is largely unknown. Since changes in biodiversity in response to human impact are known to differ widely among taxonomic groups and guilds there is a need for multidisciplinary collaboration of plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate experts. We used inventories of trees, understory plants, birds (subdivided into endemics, insectivores, frugivores/nectar feeders), butterflies (endemics, fruit feeders), and dung beetles in Sulawesi (Indonesia) to characterize a gradient from near-primary to secondary forests, agroforestry systems, and annual crops. As expected, overall species richness tended to decrease within this gradient of increasing habitat modification, but, in contrast to previous studies, we found the species richness between most taxonomic groups to be significantly correlated (36 out of 38 pairwise comparisons). However, on average only 48\% of the variance could be explained (within the five main groups), and only a few taxonomic groups/guilds turned out to be good predictors for others: for example, trees for fruit- and nectar-feeding birds (88\% explanation) and fruit-feeding butterflies (83\%), endemic birds for endemic butterflies (72\%), and frugivorous/nectar-feeding birds for fruit-feeding butterflies (67\%). Although biodiversity of land-use systems showed taxonomic group- and guild-specific differences, most groups were affected in a similar way by habitat modification. Near-primary forest sites proved to be of principal importance for conservation; however, land-use systems such as secondary forests (for understory plants, birds, and butterflies) and agroforestry systems (for butterflies) supported relatively high numbers of species and might play a significant role for biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224568800003},
	author = {Schulze, C. H. and Waltert, M. and Kessler, P. J. A. and Pitopang, R. and Shahabuddin, and Veddeler, D. and Muhlenberg, M. and Gradstein, S. R. and Leuschner, C. and Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T.}
}
@article {2356,
	title = {Long-Term Glades in Acacia Bushland and Their Edge Effects in Laikipia, Kenya},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      AGNEW ADQ, 1974, UPLAND KENYA WILDFLO     AHN PM, 1987, KENYA SOIL SURVEY SO     ALVERSON WS, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P348     ANDREW MH, 1988, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V3, P336     BAKKER JP, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P153     BELSKY AJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P77     BELSKY AJ, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P141     BLACKMORE AC, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P463     BROWER JE, 1990, FIELD LABORATORY MET     CHEN JQ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P387     COE MJ, 1991, FIELD GUIDE ACACIAS     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P1     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P10     COUGHENOUR MB, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P383     DALE IR, 1951, KENYA TREES SHRUBS     DAY TA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P180     DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147     ESTES R, 1991, BEHAVIOR GUIDE AFRIC     GEORGIADIS NJ, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P623     GORDON LJ, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P270     HATTON JC, 1984, AFR J ECOL, V22, P23     HERREN U, 1987, 9 U BERNE I GEOGR LA     HOLLAND EA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1040     HUNTLY N, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V22, P477     IBRAHIM K, 1989, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL G     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P1     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P9     MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P863     MELTZER MI, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P635     MWASYA J, 1994, IN PRESS J E AFRICAN     OCONNOR TG, 1985, S AFRICAN NATL SCI P, V114, P1     ODINGA RS, 1971, KENYA HIGHLANDS LAND     POLHILL RM, 1989, FLORA TROPICAL E AFR     PRINS HHT, 1992, ENVIRON CONSERV, V19, P117     REICHMAN OJ, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1281     RUESS RW, 1987, OIKOS, V49, P101     SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT     SEAGLE SW, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1105     STELFOX JB, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P41     STUARTHILL GC, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P699     TAITI SW, 1992, B2 U NAIR BERN LAIK     VESEYFITZGERALD DF, 1969, E AFR WILDL J, V7, P131     WESTERN D, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P75     WILLIAMSLINERA G, 1990, J ECOL, V78, P356     WILLMS WD, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P503EnglishArticleQK276ECOL APPL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {97-108},
	abstract = {Throughout the Laikipia ecosystem in Kenya, isolated glades occur within acacia bushland and woodland communities. These glades are at least several decades old. They are reported to be old settlement sites of traditional pastoralists no longer present, and their size, location, and orientation are consistent with the settlement sites of related pastoralists studied elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to document the effects of these glades at the local and landscape levels. Working in central Laikipia, we documented differences in vegetation, animal use, and soils at four of these glades, and at increasing distances from glade edges. Four {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}glade specialists{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dominated the plant communities within glades, and were very rare outside of glades. Pennisetum stramineum, one of six glade edge species, formed a ring of dense tall grass around most glade edges. The transition to acacia bushland at the glade edges was not always abrupt (depending on the trait considered), resulting in edge effects that differed in depth and sharpness. Edge depth, defined as the distance required to attain two-thirds of background levels for a trait, ranged from 0 to 200 m. Understory plant species richness and diversity were lowest inside glades, and gradually increased with distance from glades. However, because glades supported species not found elsewhere, the presence of glades increased overall species diversity. The density of wild and domestic large mammal dung was up to 10 times greater inside the glades, and declined with distance from glade edges. Similarly, soil nitrogen, potassium, carbon, calcium, and sodium were greatest inside glades. Soil phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese were not elevated inside glades or within 100 m of glades, but instead were much more abundant in background samples. These glades may be maintained by high densities of large mammals, either through herbivory or through changes in soil chemistry. Glades may be attractive to mammals because of the high quality of food there, or as part of an anti-predator strategy. The result is a relatively permanent community mosaic that increases ecosystem heterogeneity and resource use by domestic and wild animals. The spatial nature of this heterogeneity differs among species, depending on their distributions relative to the glades.},
	keywords = {acacia, american grassland, cattle enclosures, community mosaic, depth, dung counts, edge, elephants, grazing lawns, kenya, laikipia, large, mammals, north-, patch dynamics, plant-herbivore interactions, simulate, small-scale heterogeneity, soil chemistry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QK27600013},
	author = {Young, T. P. and Patridge, N. and Macrae, A.}
}
