@article {1407,
	title = {The role of the subelytral spiracles in respiration in the flightless dung beetle Circellium bacchus},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {206},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1309-1318},
	keywords = {beetle, Circellium bacchus, discontinuous gas exchange cycle, Scarabaeidae, spiracle, subelytral cavity},
	author = {Byrne, Marcus J. and Duncan, Frances D.}
}
@article {1408,
	title = {Karyotype characterization of Eurysternus caribaeus: the smallest diploid number among Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Micron},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {323-325},
	type = {short communication},
	abstract = {Eurysternus caribaeus was analyzed cytologically by conventional chromosomal staining. The species presents a diploid number of 2n = 8, chromosomes with two arms and an XY sex determining mechanism. This is the first karyotype described for the genus Eurysternus and the tribe Eurysternini, and is also the smallest diploid number observed in the family Scarabaeidae and superfamily Scarabaeoidea.},
	keywords = {beetle, Chromosome evolution, Chromosome fusion, Karyotype, Neotropical scarabaeid},
	author = {Cabral-de-Mello, Diogo Cavalcanti and Barbosa Silva, Fernando Augusto and de Moura, Rita de Cassia}
}
@article {1519,
	title = {Fauna de coleopteros Scarabaeidae Laparosticti y Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) asociados al bosque mesofilo de montana, cafetales bajo sombra y comunidades derivadas en el centro de Veracruz, Mexico},
	journal = {Neotropical Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan/Feb},
	pages = {5-21},
	abstract = {Beetles were collected from April 2002 to July 2003 from the following sites in the centre of the state of Veracruz located every 200 m along an altitudinal gradient (1000 {\textendash} 1400 m asl): three fragments of cloud forest, three shaded coffee plantations, an open canopy coffee plantation, secondary forest, and a pasture. A total of 9,982 specimens were captured, belonging to the families Scarabaeidae and Trogidae, and representing 21 genera and 50 species. The genera Ataenius Harold, Onthophagus Latreille and Aphodius Illiger represented 48\% of the species of Scarabaeidae. Species richness was found to decrease with increasing altitude; there were 36 species at 1000 m asl, 27 species between 1200 and 1300 m asl, and 26 species at 1400 m asl. Abundance along the altitudinal gradient follows a pattern of few abundant species and many species with few specimens. Beetle activity is related to precipitation. In the nine communities studied, species richness was observed to increase when precipitation was greater than 100 mm at the beginning of the rainy season. On the landscape scale, there were 44 species during the rainy season, 22 during the windy nortes season, and 24 during the dry season. In terms of trophic guild, 40\% of the beetles captured were saprophagous that feed on decomposing organic material from plants and 60\% were saprophagous that feed on decomposing organic material from animals (30\% necrophagous, 26\% coprophagous, 4\% telio-necrophagous). },
	keywords = {beetle, coprophagous, necrophagous, saprophagous, trophic guild},
	author = {DeLoya, Cuauhtemoc and Parra-Tabla, Victor and Delfin-Gonzalez, Hugo}
}
@article {1990,
	title = {African dung beetle Onthophagus gazella Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) esterase isozymes},
	journal = {Brazilian Journal of Biology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {645-650},
	abstract = {African beetles Onthophagus gazella from both sexes were analyzed by electrophoresis for an inves- tigation of esterase isozymes using alpha-naphthyl propionate and methylumbelliferyl propionate as substrates. Only one of the esterases (Est. 6) reacted with one of the substrates (alpha-naphthyl pro- pionate). Six areas of activity were found, two of them being polymorphic (Est. 3 and Est. 4). For presence of Est. 3, 337 individuals were analyzed, including descendants of 32 controlled crossings: two alle- les were identified, whose frequencies are Est. 3A = 0.447 and Est. 3B = 0.553. The population is in equilibrium for this locus (qui-square = 4.18; 0.2 > P > 0.1). For Est. 4, 338 individuals, descendants of 32 controlled crossings, were analysed. In this case, three alleles were identified whose frequencies are: Est. 4A = 0.277; Est. 4B = 0.661; and Est. 4C = 0.062. The population is not in equilibrium for this locus (qui-square = 40.259; p < 0.001). Two esterases were detected only in the pupal stage and another one in larvae. Of the 23 loci analyzed in these insects up to now, 3 are polymorphic (13\%), which indicates very low variability in the population here studied. },
	keywords = {beetle, esterase, isozyme},
	author = {Martins, E. and Contel, E. P. B.}
}
@article {2003,
	title = {Superposition optics and the time of flight in onitine dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Comp. Physiology A},
	volume = {183},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {45-60},
	keywords = {beetle, flight optics, sensitivity, superposition eyes},
	author = {McIntyre, Peter and Caveney, Stanley}
}
@article {2096,
	title = {Body size and paternal invest ment in the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2001},
	note = {EnglishArticleNOV3J ZOOL},
	pages = {405-412},
	abstract = {During reproduction, dung beetles of the genus Onthophagus typically bury portions of dung removed from the dung pad. Even though females are capable of successfully constructing and provisioning nests when unaccompanied by males, extensive levels of co-operation between sexes have been reported. In some species, males show a clear dimorphism in body plan and only large horned males are known to assist females. In O. taurus this form of paternal investment is facultative and depends on social context (namely the presence of other males). We studied relationships between body size and paternal investment in five Onthophagus species (i.e. O. coenobita, O. fracticornis, O. illyricus, O. taurus and O. vacca). Two types of tests were established. In test A, a large and a small male were placed with a single, medium-size female, in test B, a large and a small female were placed with a single large male. In controls one male was placed with one female. Individuals were maintained for 10 days. Then the enclosures were opened to assess the position of each beetle. When two mates were found in close vicinity or in the same tunnel provisioning dung, a co-operative behaviour was assumed. In competitive tests, small males and small females never cooperated with their potential mates whilst large and medium-size individuals often co- operated with mates inside the same tunnels. No differences in frequencies of co-operation were found between large and medium-size females. Small females and small males scarcely co- operated with large or medium-size mates in controls. These results suggest that large individuals outcompete the small ones. They also suggest that paternal investment depends on body size of both mates. Large males of all species assist medium-size and large females, whereas small males do not. However, large males do not invest much parental effort on small females that, in fact, are poorly, assisted. We assume that large individuals of both sexes are reproductively superior to small ones. The propensity of both small females and small males to excavate was lower than that of larger individuals, accordingly, digging capacity could be a proximate factor explaining facultative paternal investment in these species.},
	keywords = {ACUMINATUS COLEOPTERA, ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS, beetle, body size, BROOD CARE, co-operation, Dung beetles, investment, MALE HORN DIMORPHISM, MALE MORPHOLOGY, Onthophagus, paternal, reproduction, Scarabaeidae, TAURUS COLEOPTERA, VACCA COLEOPTERA},
	author = {Palestrini, C. and Rolando, A.}
}
