@article {1351,
	title = {Dung beetle conservation: effects of habitat and resource selection (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have a copydigital copy},
	pages = {75-84},
	abstract = {There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers worldwide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5\% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5\% and Geotrupidae for only 6\%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained. },
	keywords = {conservation, deforestation, domestic and wild ungulates, dung beetle, habitat and food selection, regeneration mammals, Scarabaeoidae},
	author = {Barbero, Enrico and Palestrini, Claudia and Rolando, Antonio}
}
@article {1865,
	title = {Besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) coletados em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil},
	journal = {Annales da Sociedade de Entomologia Brasil},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {403-412},
	keywords = {brazil, dung beetle, ecology, Insecta, pasture},
	author = {Koller, Wilson W. and Gomes, Alberto and Rodrigues, Sergio R. and Alves, Rafael G. O.}
}
@article {1982,
	title = {Comparative morphological analysis of testis follicles in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae, Geotrupinae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington},
	volume = {101},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {804-815},
	keywords = {dung beetle, spermatozoa, testis follicles},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and Cruz R. , Magdalena}
}
@article {1993,
	title = {The fate of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts ingested by dung beetles and their possible role in the dissemination of cryptosporidiosis},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {85},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {digital},
	pages = {678-681},
	keywords = {Cryptosporidium, cryptosporidosis, dung beetle, Dung beetles, ecological function, ecosystem service, ecosystem services, parasite supression},
	author = {Mathison, B and Ditrich, O}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {A new pollination system: Dung-beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales) in Sarawak, Malaysia},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {digitalobligately pollinated by diurnal onthophagus (6-10mm)and secondarily by paragymnopleurus (13-20mm)},
	pages = {56-61},
	abstract = {Lowiaceae, a family of the Zingiberales, comprise 11 species in the single genus Orchidantha. Here we present the first report on the pollination of Lowiaceae and describe a new system of dung-beetle pollination from Sarawak, Borneo. Or- chidantha inouei has a zygomorphic flower located just above the ground. Obser vations revealed that the plant is visited frequently and is pollinated by scarabaeid dung beetles, mainly members of the genus Onthophagus. All four species of Onthophagus collected on O. inouei have also been caught using traps baited with dung or carrion in Borneo. Onthophagus was presumably attracted to the dung-like odor of the flower. Pollination of O. inouei is different from other examples of beetle pollination in that its flower provides neither reward nor protected space. Dung beetles are excellent at following a particular dung scent. Orchidantha is the only genus that includes species lacking floral nectar. It is interesting that this deception pollination using dung beetles was found in Zingiberales, in which all known species have mutual and specialized relationships with their long-distance, but costly, pollinators{\textemdash}bees, birds, and bats. },
	keywords = {annotated, asia, deceit pollination, dung beetle, ecological function, Lowiaceae, mixed dipterocarp forest, pollination, Sarawak, Zingiberales.},
	author = {Sakai, Shoko and Inoue, Tamiji}
}
@article {2259,
	title = {Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera:Scabaeoidea) de um fragmento de floresta amaz{\^o}nica no estado de Acre, Brasil},
	journal = {Annales da Sociedade de Entomologia Brasil},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {447-453},
	keywords = {Amazonia, Brasil, dung beetle, fragmentation, moist tropical forest (biological conservation 2007)},
	author = {Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.}
}
