@article {1870,
	title = {Sexual selection and condition dependence of courtship display in three species of horned dung beetles},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 62Cited References:      ANDERSSON M, 1986, EVOLUTION, V40, P804     ANDERSSON M, 1994, SEXUAL SELECTION     ANDERSSON M, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P53     ARNOLD SJ, 1984, EVOLUTION, V38, P709     BERGLUND A, 1996, BIOL J LINN SOC, V58, P385     BORGIA G, 1979, SEXUAL SELECTION REP, P19     BRODIE ED, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P313     BROWN L, 1985, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V78, P423     CANDOLIN U, 1999, ANIM BEHAV 6, V58, P1261     CANDOLIN U, 2000, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V49, P57     CANDOLIN U, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P785     CHARLESWORTH B, 1987, SEXUAL SELECTION TES, P21     COOK D, 1988, AUST J ZOOL, V36, P521     COOK D, 1987, AUST J ZOOL, V35, P123     COOK DF, 1990, ANIM BEHAV, V40, P428     DARWIN CR, 1871, DESCENT MAN SELECTIO     DAVID P, 2000, NATURE, V406, P186     DAVID P, 1998, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V265, P2211     EBERHARD WG, 1982, AM NAT, V119, P420     EBERHARD WG, 1991, EVOLUTION, V45, P18     EBERHARD WG, 1987, J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC, V60, P504     EBERHARD WG, 1979, SEXUAL SELECTION REP, P231     EMLEN DJ, 1997, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V41, P335     EMLEN DJ, 1994, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V256, P131     EMLEN ST, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P215     ENDLER JA, 1986, NATURAL SELECTION WI     FALCONER DS, 1989, INTRO QUANTITATIVE G     FRISCHKNECHT M, 1993, EVOL ECOL, V7, P439     GRAFEN A, 1990, J THEOR BIOL, V144, P517     GRIFFITH SC, 1999, NATURE, V400, P358     HARDY ICW, 1998, ANIM BEHAV 3, V56, P787     HUNT J, 1998, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V42, P447     HUNT J, 1997, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V41, P109     HUNT J, 1999, ECOL ENTOMOL, V24, P174     HUNT J, 2000, EVOLUTION, V54, P936     HUNT J, 2002, J EVOLUTION BIOL, V15, P57     JANZEN FJ, 1998, EVOLUTION, V52, P1564     JOHNSTONE RA, 1995, BIOL REV, V70, P1     KEYSER AJ, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P771     KIRKPATRICK M, 1982, EVOLUTION, V36, P1     KIRKPATRICK M, 1991, NATURE, V350, P33     KOKKO H, 1998, EVOL ECOL, V12, P739     KOTIAHO JS, 2001, BEHAV ECOL, V12, P553     KOTIAHO JS, 2000, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V48, P188     KOTIAHO JS, 2001, BIOL REV, V76, P365     KOTIAHO JS, 2001, NATURE, V410, P684     KOTIAHO JS, 1999, OIKOS, V87, P399     LANDE R, 1983, EVOLUTION, V37, P1210     MAPPES J, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P785     MILINSKI M, 1990, NATURE, V344, P330     MOCZEK AP, 2000, ANIM BEHAV 2, V59, P459     OTRONEN M, 1988, ANIM BEHAV, V36, P741     PALMER TJ, 1978, NATURE, V274, P583     RASMUSSEN JL, 1994, J INSECT BEHAV, V7, P67     ROFF D, 1997, EVOLUTIONARY QUANTIT     ROWE L, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P1415     SIMMONS LW, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P145     SIVAJOTHY MT, 1987, J ETHOL, V5, P165     TAYLOR PD, 1982, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V22, P392     TOMKINS JL, 1998, ANIM BEHAV 2, V56, P347     WILKINSON GS, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1685     ZAHAVI A, 1977, J THEOR BIOL, V67, P603EnglishArticle619YBBEHAV ECOL},
	month = {Nov-Dec},
	pages = {791-799},
	abstract = {Sexual selection has traditionally been divided into competition over mates and mate choice. Currently, models of sexual selection predict that sexual traits are expressed in proportion to the condition of their bearer. In horned beetles, male contest competition is well established, but studies on female preferences are scarce. Here I present data on male mating success and condition dependence of courtship rate in three species of horn-dimorphic thing beetles, Onthaphagus taurus, Onthophagus binodis, and Onthophagus australis. I found that in the absence of male contest competition, mating success of O. taurus and O. australis was unrelated to their horn length and body size, whereas in O. binodis horn size had a negative effect but body size had a positive effect on male mating success. Overall, in O. binodis major morph males had greater mating success than minor morph males. In all three species male mating success was affected by courtship rate, and the Courtship rate was condition dependent such that when males were manipulated to be in poor condition they had lower courtship rates than males that were manipulated to be in good condition. My findings provide new insight into the mating systems of horned dung beetles and support an important assumption in indicator models of sexual selection.},
	keywords = {alternative reproductive, condition dependence, FEMALE CHOICE, gradient, horn dimorphism, horned dung beetles, lek, logistic regression, mating success, Onthophagus, onthophagus-acuminatus coleoptera, SELECTION, sexual selection, stalk-eyed flies, tactics},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179504300011},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S.}
}
@article {2026,
	title = {Horn polyphenism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus: larval diet quality and plasticity in parental investment determine adult body size and male horn morphology},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {636-641},
	keywords = {alternative phenotypes, facultative parental investment, Onthophagus, phenotypic plasticity, Polyphenism},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P.}
}
@article {2027,
	title = {Facultative paternal investment in the polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus; the role of male morphology and social context},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {641-647},
	keywords = {beetles, facultative parental investment, honest indicators, Onthophagus, phenotypic plasticity, Polyphenism, sexual selection},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P.}
}
@article {2029,
	title = {The behavioral ecology of threshold evolution in a polyphenic beetle},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {841-854},
	abstract = {Facultative expression of alternative male morphologies is thought to allow individual males to select the phenotype with the highest fitness gain given their competitive status relative to other males with which they compete for females. Choice of, or switching between, morphs commonly relies on developmental threshold responses. Evolutionary changes in developmental threshold responses are thought to provide an important avenue for phenotypic diversification and the evolution of morphological and behavioral novelties. However, the extent to which alternative male phenotypes and their underlying threshold responses actually evolve in natural populations is unclear. Likewise, the ecological factors that shape the evolution of threshold responses in natural populations are unexplored for most organisms, as are the consequences of such modifications for patterns of morphological diversity. I examined the ecological basis of rapid threshold evolution in exotic populations of the horn-polyphenic dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Male O. taurus vary continuously in body size as a function of larval feeding conditions. Only males that exceed a critical threshold body size develop a pair of long horns on their heads, whereas males below this threshold remain hornless. Populations in two exotic ranges of this species, the eastern United States and western Australia, have diverged in the mean threshold body size, which has resulted in the evolution of highly divergent and novel horn length{\textendash}body size allometries in these populations. Populations in a third and previously unstudied exotic range of O. taurus in eastern Australia exhibit threshold body sizes roughly intermediate between the eastern U.S. and western Australian populations. I tested three hypothesis to explain how differences in ecological and demographic factors can drive allometric divergences between populations, using data derived from comparative, standardized sampling of a large number of populations in each exotic range. Results suggest that differences in the intensity of both intra- and interspecific competition have contributed to the evolution of divergent thresholds in these populations. My results do not support the hypothesis that shifts in threshold body sizes to larger body sizes are a consequence of increases in the mean body size of competing males. I discuss my results in the context of Onthophagus mating systems and the evolutionary implications of threshold evolution.},
	keywords = {adaptive phenotypic plasticity, developmental threshold, exotic species, horned beetles, male, Onthophagus, Polyphenism, resource competition, sex ratio evolution, status-dependent selection, threshold evolution, {\textendash}male competition},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P.}
}
@article {2056,
	title = {Nestmate recognition in burying beetles: the "breeder{\textquoteright}s badge" as a cue used by females to distinguish their mates from male intruders},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      *SAS I INC, 1998, SAS STAT US GUID 8 1     BECK D, 1995, THESIS A LUDWIGS U F     BREDOHL R, 1984, ENTOMOL GEN, V10, P11     BREED MD, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P57     BYERS JA, 1986, ETHOLOGY, V72, P342     CLEMENT JL, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P126     EGGERT AK, 1998, ANIM BEHAV 1, V55, P97     EGGERT AK, 2000, BEHAV ECOL, V11, P357     EGGERT AK, 2000, ECOL ENTOMOL, V25, P262     EGGERT AK, 1997, EVOLUTION SOCIAL BEH, P216     FLETCHER DJC, 1987, KIN RECOGNITION ANIM     FLETCHER DJC, 1987, KIN RECOGNITION ANIM, P19     GHEUSI G, 1997, ANIM BEHAV 5, V53, P935     HOFERER S, 1996, THESIS A LUGWIGS U     LACY RC, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P489     LENGAGNE T, 2000, J ACOUST SOC AM, V107, P508     LIEBIG J, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4124     MONNIN T, 1998, J CHEM ECOL, V24, P473     MULLER JK, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V27, P11     PEETERS C, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1323     PUKOWSKI E, 1933, Z MORPHOL OKOL TIERE, V27, P518     RITERS LV, 1998, BEHAVIOUR 5, V135, P551     ROBERTSON IC, 1993, J ZOOL, V231, P583     SACHS L, 1992, ANGEW STAT ANWENDUNG     SCHUMACHER R, 1973, Z MORPHOL TIERE, V75, P65     SCOTT MP, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P595     SCOTT MP, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V26, P31     SCOTT MP, 1993, EVOL ECOL, V7, P362     SCOTT MP, 2001, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V47, P295     SHERMAN PW, 1996, BEHAV ECOLOGY EVOLUT, P69     SINGER TL, 1998, AM ZOOL, V38, P394     SINGER TL, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P104     SLEDGE MF, 2001, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V49, P401     STOKES ME, 2000, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA     TILLMAN JA, 1999, INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC, V29, P481     TRUMBO ST, 1997, ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM, V35, P479     TRUMBO ST, 1993, BEHAV ECOL, V4, P332     TRUMBO ST, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V27, P269     TRUMBO ST, 1990, ECOL ENTOMOL, V15, P347     TRUMBO ST, 1995, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V41, P535     VANDERMEER RK, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P79     WAGNER D, 2000, J CHEM ECOL, V26, P2245     WANKER R, 1998, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V43, P197     WILEY RH, 1991, ETHOLOGY, V88, P145     WILSON DS, 1984, ECOL ENTOMOL, V9, P205EnglishArticle657HVBEHAV ECOL},
	month = {Mar-Apr},
	pages = {212-220},
	abstract = {Burying beetles use small vertebrate carcasses as food for their larvae and defend these carcasses against intra- and interspecific competitors. Breeding associations on carcasses can consist of single females, heterosexual pairs, or various combinations of males and females. When a heterosexual pair collaborate in a breeding attempt, they do not typically exhibit aggressive behavior toward each other, but do attack newly arrived conspecifics that attempt to usurp the carcass. We investigated the cues involved in discrimination between breeding partners and intruders by female burying beetles. We found that resident females tolerate males that have cared for a brood, as well as males that have not cared for a brood but have been on a carcass for a day or two. Males that have had no prior contact with a carcass are attacked. Females appear to use a chemical cue, the "breeder{\textquoteright}s badge," an apolar substance on the male{\textquoteright}s cuticle that can be removed by washing with pentane. This cue is reliably correlated with recent male experience with a carcass that is suitable for reproduction. The breeder{\textquoteright}s badge develops as a result of prolonged contact with such a carcass, and disappears on removal from the carcass; its presence does not require contact with a female or with larvae. Female recognition of their male partners in burying beetles thus does not involve individual recognition, but rather recognition of reproductive condition.},
	keywords = {aggressive behavior, burying beetles, chemical cues, cuticular hydrocarbons, hormone, intraspecific competition, juvenile-, mate recognition, Nicrophorus, nicrophorus-orbicollis, Parental care, recognition of reproductive status, reproducti},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181661100008},
	author = {Muller, J. K. and Eggert, A. K. and Elsner, T.}
}
@article {2111,
	title = {Immunity and the expression of a secondary sexual trait in a horned beetle},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {466-472},
	abstract = {Resource-based trade-offs are known to be important in determining investment in both sexual ornamentation and immunity in insects. Because of the strict resource limitation experienced during metamorphosis, we predict that if insects are trading off ornament size and immunity this should be most apparent immediately after eclosion and that the relationship between sexual ornament size and immunity should change with maturation feeding because of the changing patterns of resource availability during this process. We therefore present an investigation into the relationship between morphology, sex, and two measures of immune response (phenoloxidase [PO] activity and encapsulation ability) in the horned beetle Euoniticellus intermedius, imme- diately after eclosion and after maturation feeding. Both measures increased with maturation, with sex differences in PO activity becoming discernable after maturation feeding. PO activity was positively correlated with horn length in male beetles both on eclosion and after maturation feeding, and encapsulation ability was positively correlated with elytra length. We conclude that resource limitation in the pupating insect does have effects on immunity but that this resource limitation does not translate into a measurable trade-off between horn length and immunity. The correlation between horn length and PO activity may arise because both horn length and PO activity are correlated with the same elements of the animal{\textquoteright}s biology that allow some animals both to grow a long horn and to sustain a higher level of PO activity.},
	keywords = {immunity, insect, metamorphosis, sex differences, sexual selection, trade-offs.},
	author = {Pomfret, Joanne C. and Knell, Robert J.}
}
