@article {1576,
	title = {Water lilies and scarabs: faithful partners for 100 million years?},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2003},
	month = {May},
	pages = {539-543},
	abstract = {Night-flowering water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) in South America are pollinated by Cyclocephala scarab beetles (Scar- abaeidae: Cyclocephalini) in a specialized relationship involving synchronized flowering movements, strong floral scent, food tissues, and heat-producing flowers. We report that a similar and closely related association exists in West Africa between Nymphaea lotus  L. and Ruteloryctes morio  Fabricius (Cyclocephalini). This finding strongly supports a late Early Cretaceous origin of a symbiosis between the night-flowering water lilies and pollinating Cyclocephalini beetles. We believe that this is the first unambiguous evidence of a plant-pollinator relationship of this age.},
	keywords = {Cyclocephala, floral scent, GC-MS, headspace, Nymphaea, pollination, Senegal, thermogenesis, {\textendash}},
	author = {Ervik, Finn and Knudsen, Jette T.}
}
@article {2032,
	title = {Linear and threshold-dependent expression of secondary sexual traits in the same individual: insights from a horned beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {473-480},
	abstract = {Elaborate horns or horn-like structures in male scarab beetles commonly scale with body size either (a) in a linear fashion with horn size increasing relatively faster than body size or (b) in a threshold-dependent, sigmoid fashion; that is, males smaller than a certain critical body size develop no or only rudimentary horns, whereas males larger than the threshold size express fully developed horns. The development of linear vs. sigmoid scaling relationships is thought to require fundamentally different regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that such disparate regulatory mechanisms may co-occur in the same individual. Large males of the south-east Asian Onthophagus  ( Proagoderus ) watanabei  (Ochi \& Kon) (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini) develop a pair of long, curved head horns as well as a single thoracic horn. We show that unlike paired head horns in a large number of Onthophagus  species, in O. watanabei  the relationship between head horns and body size is best explained by a linear model. Large males develop dispropor- tionately longer horns than small males, but the difference in relative horn sizes across the range of body sizes is small compared to other Onthophagus  species. However, the scaling relationship between the thoracic horn and body size is best explained by a strongly sigmoid model. Only males above a certain body size threshold express a thoracic horn and males smaller than this threshold express no horn at all. We found a significant positive correlation between head and thoracic horn length residuals, contrary to what would be expected if a resource allocation tradeoff during larval development would influence the length of both horn types. Our results suggest that the scaling rela- tionship between body size and horn length, and the developmental regulation underlying these scaling relation- ships, may be quite different for different horns, even though these horns may develop in the same individual. We discuss our results in the context of the developmental biology of secondary sexual traits in beetles.},
	keywords = {allometry, developmental constraint, developmental tradeoff, Onthophagus, scaling},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P. and Bruhl, Carsten and Krell, Frank-Thorsten}
}
@article {2193,
	title = {Dung beetle (Scarabaeus (Pachysoma)) biology and immature stages: reversal to ancestral states under deset conditions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {453-460},
	abstract = {The unique feeding biology of the unusual flightless Namib Desert dung beetle species belonging to Scarabaeus ( Pachysoma ) MacLeay (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) has been studied in the past but in this report we document breeding biology, larval feeding and immature morphology for the first time. Females provision burrows with frag- ments of dry herbivore dung and detritus, in which the larvae develop and on which they feed. This is a novel devi- ation, and a probable reversal to the ancestral state, from the obligatory brood ball constructed from wet dung in which scarab larvae usually develop. The free-living larvae and pupae have several unique attributes that distin- guish them from relatives that develop within the confines of a brood ball and provide additional support for mono- phyly of the group. Many of these also appear as reversals to a probable ancestral condition. Unique larval characters include a left mandible with two teeth, the absence of a {\textquoteleft}coprine{\textquoteright} hump, small spiracles, and two- or indistinctly three- segmented antennae. Those unique to the pupa are the presence of peculiar prothoracic projections, the absence of lateral tergal supporting projections on the abdomen, and the perpendicular elytra and wings relative to the median bodyline.},
	keywords = {Ball-rollers, flightless, free-living, monophyletic, namib desert, unique, {\textendash}},
	author = {Scholtz, Clarke H. and Harrison, James du G. and Grebennikov, Vasily V.}
}
