@article {1323,
	title = {Possible Indirect Effects of Mammal Hunting on Dung Beetle Assemblages in Panama.},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {141-146},
	keywords = {dung beetle, hunting, mammals, Panama, rain forest, Scarabaeidae},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00239.x},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen and Laurance, Susan G. W.}
}
@article {1337,
	title = {On the laprostict lamellicorn Coleoptera of Grenada and St. Vincent (West Indies)},
	journal = {Transactions of the Entomological Society of London},
	volume = {1903},
	year = {1903},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {509-520},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food resources, mammals, non-mammal resource},
	author = {Arrow, G. J}
}
@article {1338,
	title = {A simple assay to determine the nutrional suitability of cattle dung for coprophagous beetles },
	journal = {Entomologia experimentalis et applicata},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1989},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {73-79},
	abstract = {An assay using extracted dung fluid was developed to provide an objective method of assessing the suitability of cattle dung for the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius. Fluid was extracted from whole dung by twisting gauze-wrapped samples by hand, or by use of an hydraulic press set sequentially at 2 MPa, 6 MPa and 10 MPa. Artificial dung was made by adding dung fluid to shredded fibre-board in a 15 : 1 weight ratio. The rate of brood-ball ( = egg) production by female E. intermedius fed on the artificial dung made from fluid extracted by the hydraulic press at 2 MPa was the same as that on natural whole dung. Reproductive performance on all artificial dungs was significantly correlated with the percent dry matter content of the dung fluid used in the mixture. Thus the percent dry matter in the fluid extracted at 2 MPa pressure provides an objective measurement for comparing the quality of different dungs as food for adult E. intermedius, without the need for performing bioassays. The results confirm that the fluid component of dung is the major source of nutrition for adult dung beetles. },
	keywords = {cattle dung, coprophagous beetles, dung beetle, Euoniticellus, food, mammals, nutrition, resources},
	author = {Aschenborn, H. H. and Loughnan, M. L. and Edwards, P. B.}
}
@inbook {1424,
	title = {Dung beetles in tropical forests in Africa},
	booktitle = {Dung Beetle Ecology},
	year = {1991},
	note = {have copy},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton, NJ},
	keywords = {data, dung beetle, mammal, mammals},
	author = {Cambefort, Yves and Walter, Philippe},
	editor = {Hanksi, I and Cambefort, Y.}
}
@article {1435,
	title = {Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) attracted to woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha Humboldt) dung at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {have book-need to scan},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {155-159},
	abstract = {The species list of Scarabeinae attracted to woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha Humboldt) dung at Tinigua National Park, Meta, Colombia is presented. Nineteen species of dung beetles in nine genera were captured, representing 36.5\% of 52 species that have been found in the study area. This high proportion and the fact that woolly monkeys are the most abundant diurnal mammals in the study site suggest that woolly monkey dung can be especially important for the dung beetle community at Tinigua National Park. The results indicate the importance of conducting studies on the type and availability of food resources for tropical dung beetles.},
	keywords = {mammals},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081116000008 },
	author = {Castellanos, Maria Clara and Escobar S. , Federico and Stevenson, Pablo R.}
}
@article {1459,
	title = {Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {134},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 37Cited References:      ABDELMAGID AH, 1987, J RANGE MANAGE, V40, P303     ABDELMAGID AH, 1987, J RANGE MANAGE, V40, P307     ALTMANN SA, 1987, J ZOOL, V211, P215     BARDSLEY WG, 2001, SIMFIT REFERENCE MAN     BENNETT MB, 1999, J ZOOL 3, V247, P365     BROWN JH, 2000, SCALING BIOL     CALDER WA, 1984, SIZE FUNCTION LIFE H     COE MJ, 1976, OECOLOGIA, V22, P341     COLLINSON RFH, 1982, INKWE, V1, P1     CUMMING DHM, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P217     CUMMING DHM, 1997, S AFR J SCI, V93, P231     CUMMING DHM, 1999, STUDY DEV TRANSBOUND     DADKHAH M, 1980, WATER RESOUR BULL, V16, P979     DAMUTH J, 1981, BIOL J LINN SOC, V15, P185     ECKERT RE, 1986, J RANGE MANAGE, V39, P414     FRITZ H, 1994, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V256, P77     GARLAND T, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P571     GIFFORD GF, 1980, UTAH AGR EXP STN RES, V50, P1     JOLICOEUR P, 1990, J THEOR BIOL, V144, P257     LABARBERA M, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P97     LAWS RM, 1970, OIKOS, V21, P1     LAWTON JH, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P367     LULL HW, 1959, USDA FOREST SERV MIS, V768, P1     MENTIS MT, 1981, VELD PASTURE MANAGEM, P287     OWENSMITH RN, 1988, MEGAHERBIVORES INFLU     OWENSMITH RN, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C NZ, V1, P691     PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI     PLUMPTRE AJ, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V32, P115     PROTHERO J, 1986, J THEOR BIOL, V118, P259     SKINNER JD, 1990, MAMMALS SO AFRICAN S     SMITHERS RHN, 1983, MAMMALS SO AFRICAN S     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     SPRUGEL DG, 1983, ECOLOGY, V64, P209     SSEMAKULA J, 1983, AFR J ECOL, V21, P325     VILJOEN PJ, 1990, S AFR J WILDL RES, V20, P65     WARREN SD, 1986, J RANGE MANAGE, V39, P491     WESTERN D, 1979, AFR J ECOL, V17, P185EnglishArticle655ZDOECOLOGIA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {560-568},
	abstract = {A wide range of bioenergetic, production, life history and ecological traits scale with body size in vertebrates. However, the consequences of differences in community body-size structure for ecological processes have not been explored. We studied the scaling relationships between body mass, shoulder height, hoof area, stride length and daily ranging distance in African ungulates ranging in size from the 5 kg dik-dik to the 5,000 kg African elephant, and the implications of these relationships on the area trampled by single and multi-species herbivore communities of differing structure. Hoof area, shoulder height and stride length were strongly correlated with body mass (Pearson{\textquoteright}s r >0.98, 0.95 and 0.90, respectively). Hoof area scaled linearly to body mass with a slope of unity, implying that the pressures exerted on the ground per unit area by a small antelope and an elephant are identical. Shoulder height and stride length scaled to body mass with similar slopes of 0.32 and 0.26, respectively; larger herbivores have relatively shorter legs and take relatively shorter steps than small herbivores, and so trample a greater area of ground per unit distance travelled. We compared several real and hypothetical single- and multi-species ungulate communities using exponents of between 0.1 and 0.5 for the body mass to daily ranging distance relationship and found that the estimated area trampled was greater in communities dominated by larger animals. The impacts of large herbivores are not limited to trampling. Questions about the ecological implications of community body-size structure for such variables as foraging and food intake, dung quality and deposition rates, methane production, and daily travelling distances remain clear research priorities.},
	keywords = {African herbivores, allometry, body mass, ecosystems, elephants, infiltration, livestock, mammals, pressures, scaling, soil, vegetation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181582700014},
	author = {Cumming, D. H. M. and Cumming, G. S.}
}
@article {1467,
	title = {Dung beetle abundance and diversity in the Malay Basin, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo},
	journal = {Malayan Nature Journal},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3 \& 4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {have a copy},
	pages = {181-191},
	keywords = {beta diversity, biomass mammals, diversity, mammals, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Davis, Andrew J.}
}
@article {1507,
	title = {Historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9},
	year = {2002},
	note = {598JTJ BIOGEOGR},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1217-1256},
	abstract = {Aim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.},
	keywords = {assemblage coleoptera, biogeography, community organization, dinosaurs, dispersal, distributional patterns, Dung, fragmentation, global, habitat, hindwing articulation, historical, mammals, rain-forest, s-str, Scarabaeinae, southern african, vicariance, w},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178273300010},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Philips, T. K.}
}
@article {1555,
	title = {Male reproductive behaviorof the African ball-rolling dung beetle Kheper nigroaeneus (Scarabaedae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {17-27},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food resources, generalists, mammal, mammals, savanna},
	author = {Edwards, P. B. and Aschenborn, H. H.}
}
@article {1720,
	title = {The natural history of dung beetles.  A supplement on associated biota},
	journal = { Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiolog{\'\i}a.},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1971},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {147-164},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Halffter, G and Matthews, Eric G.}
}
@article {1726,
	title = {The insect fauna of badger dung},
	journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine},
	volume = {127},
	year = {1991},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {251},
	keywords = {carnivore, dung beetle, food resources, mammal, mammals, omnivore dung},
	author = {Hancox, M}
}
@inbook {1727,
	title = {Chp. 10. Dung beetles in tropical forests in South-East Asia},
	booktitle = {Dung Beetle Ecology},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Hanksi, I and Krikken, Jan},
	editor = {Hanski, I. and Cambefort, Y.}
}
@article {1729,
	title = {Distributional Ecology and Abundance of Dung and Carrion Feeding Beetles Scarabaeidae in Tropical Rain Forests in Sarawak Borneo Malaysia},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Fennica},
	volume = {167},
	year = {1983},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {1-45},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Hanski, I.}
}
@inbook {1732,
	title = {Dung Beetles},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the World, 14b, Tropical Forests},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {489-511},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Hanski, I.},
	editor = {Lieth, H. and Wagner, J. A.}
}
@article {1760,
	title = {Trophic selection of some Iberian Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptea: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1996},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {89-105},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Hidalgo, Juan M. and Cardenas, Ana M.}
}
@article {1860,
	title = {Brood burrow construction and brood care by Heliocopris japetus (Klug) and H. hamadryas (Fabricisu) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Klemperer, H. G and Boulton, R}
}
@article {1597,
	title = {Further record and observations of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) at carnivore dung in eastern Australia},
	journal = {Victorian Entomologist },
	volume = {24},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67},
	keywords = {carnivore, Dung, dung beetle, food resources, mammal, mammals},
	author = {Faithfull, I}
}
@article {1997,
	title = {La biogeograf{\'\i}a ecol{\'o}gia de los escarabajos del esti{\'e}rcol},
	journal = {Acta Polit{\'e}cnica Mexicana},
	volume = {16},
	number = {72},
	year = {1975},
	note = {requested 1/23},
	pages = {89-98},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, mammal, mammals, resource},
	author = {Matthews, E. G.}
}
@article {1998,
	title = {The natural history of dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Mexicana},
	volume = {12-14},
	year = {1966},
	note = {have copy- need to scan},
	pages = {1-312},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, mammals, resources},
	author = {Matthews, E. G. and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2005},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {383{\textendash}396},
	keywords = {Amazonia, fragmentation, mammal, mammals},
	author = {Michalski, F and Peres, CA. . .  124: .}
}
@article {2104,
	title = {Who steals the eggs? Coprophanaeus telamon (Erichson) buries decomposing eggs in western Amazonian rain forest (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {58},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {21-27},
	abstract = {The necrophagous dung beetle Coprophanaeus telamon (Erichson 1847) buried decomposing hen eggs in the rain forest of Ecuador. We suppose that the volatiles 2-butanone, cresol, indole, skatole, and butyric acid are responsible for attracting Coprophanaeus because these components of dung odour attract dung beetles and are also present in rotten eggs. A number of them are also produced by bacterial spoilage of raw meat. Abandoned clutches, infertile eggs or eggs with dead embryos of ground-nesting birds may be used as a resource by dung beetles.},
	keywords = {mammals},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000220808700003},
	author = {Pfrommer, A. and Krell, F. T.}
}
@mastersthesis {2166,
	title = {Coleopteres Coprofiles en zone saleienne: {\'E}tude bioc{\'e}notique comporement nidificateur, intervencion dans le recyclage de a matiere organique du sol},
	volume = {Sc.D.},
	year = {1987},
	note = {need copy},
	school = {Universite de Orl{\'e}ans, France},
	address = {Orl{\'e}ans, France},
	keywords = {Africa, dung beetle, food resources, mammals, services, {\textquoteleft}},
	author = {Rougan, D}
}
@article {2252,
	title = {An ecological study of an Australian dung beetle, Onthophagus granulatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), using physiological age-grading techniques},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {71},
	year = {1981},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {137{\textendash}152},
	keywords = {dung beetle, mammals},
	author = {Tyndale-Biscoe, M and Wallace, M. M and Walker, J. M}
}
@article {2297,
	title = {Long-term Habitat Fragmentation and Dung Beetles in Alter do Ch{\~a}o,Amaz{\^o}nia, Brazil},
	journal = {Tropical Conservation Science},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {111-121},
	keywords = {mammals},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina and Lima, A. P. and Carvalho-Jr. , E. and Mellow, D. J.}
}
@article {2328,
	title = {Poachers alter mammal abundance, seed dispersal and seed predation in a Neotropical forest},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {227-239},
	keywords = {bushmeat, mammals, Neotropics, NO dung beetles mammals, poaching, seed dispersal, seed predation},
	author = {Wright, Josep. S and Zeballos, Horacio and Dominguez, Ivan and Gallardo, Marina M and Moreno, Marta C and Ibanez, Roberto}
}
@article {2344,
	title = {An annotated list of the arthropods found in burrows of the Florida Gopher Tortise (Gopherus polyphemus) (Daudin)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1939},
	note = {have copy, need to scan},
	pages = {53-62},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, Invertebrates-, mammals, reptile, resource},
	author = {Young, F. N and Goff, C. C}
}
@article {2356,
	title = {Long-Term Glades in Acacia Bushland and Their Edge Effects in Laikipia, Kenya},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      AGNEW ADQ, 1974, UPLAND KENYA WILDFLO     AHN PM, 1987, KENYA SOIL SURVEY SO     ALVERSON WS, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P348     ANDREW MH, 1988, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V3, P336     BAKKER JP, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P153     BELSKY AJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P77     BELSKY AJ, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P141     BLACKMORE AC, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P463     BROWER JE, 1990, FIELD LABORATORY MET     CHEN JQ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P387     COE MJ, 1991, FIELD GUIDE ACACIAS     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P1     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P10     COUGHENOUR MB, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P383     DALE IR, 1951, KENYA TREES SHRUBS     DAY TA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P180     DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147     ESTES R, 1991, BEHAVIOR GUIDE AFRIC     GEORGIADIS NJ, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P623     GORDON LJ, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P270     HATTON JC, 1984, AFR J ECOL, V22, P23     HERREN U, 1987, 9 U BERNE I GEOGR LA     HOLLAND EA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1040     HUNTLY N, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V22, P477     IBRAHIM K, 1989, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL G     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P1     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P9     MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P863     MELTZER MI, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P635     MWASYA J, 1994, IN PRESS J E AFRICAN     OCONNOR TG, 1985, S AFRICAN NATL SCI P, V114, P1     ODINGA RS, 1971, KENYA HIGHLANDS LAND     POLHILL RM, 1989, FLORA TROPICAL E AFR     PRINS HHT, 1992, ENVIRON CONSERV, V19, P117     REICHMAN OJ, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1281     RUESS RW, 1987, OIKOS, V49, P101     SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT     SEAGLE SW, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1105     STELFOX JB, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P41     STUARTHILL GC, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P699     TAITI SW, 1992, B2 U NAIR BERN LAIK     VESEYFITZGERALD DF, 1969, E AFR WILDL J, V7, P131     WESTERN D, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P75     WILLIAMSLINERA G, 1990, J ECOL, V78, P356     WILLMS WD, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P503EnglishArticleQK276ECOL APPL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {97-108},
	abstract = {Throughout the Laikipia ecosystem in Kenya, isolated glades occur within acacia bushland and woodland communities. These glades are at least several decades old. They are reported to be old settlement sites of traditional pastoralists no longer present, and their size, location, and orientation are consistent with the settlement sites of related pastoralists studied elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to document the effects of these glades at the local and landscape levels. Working in central Laikipia, we documented differences in vegetation, animal use, and soils at four of these glades, and at increasing distances from glade edges. Four {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}glade specialists{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dominated the plant communities within glades, and were very rare outside of glades. Pennisetum stramineum, one of six glade edge species, formed a ring of dense tall grass around most glade edges. The transition to acacia bushland at the glade edges was not always abrupt (depending on the trait considered), resulting in edge effects that differed in depth and sharpness. Edge depth, defined as the distance required to attain two-thirds of background levels for a trait, ranged from 0 to 200 m. Understory plant species richness and diversity were lowest inside glades, and gradually increased with distance from glades. However, because glades supported species not found elsewhere, the presence of glades increased overall species diversity. The density of wild and domestic large mammal dung was up to 10 times greater inside the glades, and declined with distance from glade edges. Similarly, soil nitrogen, potassium, carbon, calcium, and sodium were greatest inside glades. Soil phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese were not elevated inside glades or within 100 m of glades, but instead were much more abundant in background samples. These glades may be maintained by high densities of large mammals, either through herbivory or through changes in soil chemistry. Glades may be attractive to mammals because of the high quality of food there, or as part of an anti-predator strategy. The result is a relatively permanent community mosaic that increases ecosystem heterogeneity and resource use by domestic and wild animals. The spatial nature of this heterogeneity differs among species, depending on their distributions relative to the glades.},
	keywords = {acacia, american grassland, cattle enclosures, community mosaic, depth, dung counts, edge, elephants, grazing lawns, kenya, laikipia, large, mammals, north-, patch dynamics, plant-herbivore interactions, simulate, small-scale heterogeneity, soil chemistry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QK27600013},
	author = {Young, T. P. and Patridge, N. and Macrae, A.}
}
