@article {1330,
	title = {Nidificacion y alimentacion en Liatongus rhinocerulus (Bates) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1-14},
	keywords = {behavior, Liatongus, Mycetophagy, nidification, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Sofia Anduaga and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1349,
	title = {Descrizione del terzo stadio larvale di Anomiopsoides cavifrons (Burmeister, 1861) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Eucraniina)},
	journal = {Bollettino della Societa di Entomologia Italiana, Genova},
	volume = {125},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	month = {June},
	pages = {53-60},
	keywords = {Eucraniina, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Barbero, Enrico and Palestrini, Claudia}
}
@mastersthesis {1466,
	title = {The ecology and behaviour of rainforest dung beetles in northern Borneo.},
	year = {1993},
	school = {University of Leeds},
	type = {PhD Thesis},
	address = {Leeds},
	author = {Davis, A. J.}
}
@article {1482,
	title = {Biogeographical groups in a southern African, winter rainfall, dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - consequences of climatic history and habitat fragmentation},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1993ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {306-327},
	abstract = {A study was made of the effects of climate and habitat fragmentation on the biogeographical composition of the dung beetle fauna (Scarabaeinae, Coprinae) in the southwestern Cape, winter rainfall region of South Africa. The fauna was studied at eleven sites and 45 species were recorded. Three geographical species groups (1, 2, 3) were defined for 38 of the species using multivariate techniques. The other seven species have dissimilar widespread distributions and are treated as a fourth group (4). Two groups (1, 3) comprising 31 and three species, respectively, are either endemic or largely restricted to the winter and bimodal rainfall regions of southern Africa. They show extreme numerical dominance in indigenous shrubland but are also well-represented in pasture. Groups 1 and 3 comprise primarily day-flying taxa with an overall peak in abundance during the moist spring. These endemic groups are probably associated with the inception of winter rainfall climate during the Pliocene +- 3 million years before present. The other two groups (2, 4) have a distribution extending into the adjacent summer rainfall region. In the southwestern Cape, they are found predominantly in recently-created pastures. They include equal numbers of day and dusk/night-flying species with peaks in abundance mainly during the dry summer. Most species of these two groups are taxonomically distant from endemic taxa. Frequency of Group 2 relative to climate was greatest in the westerly summer rainfall region one whereas that of Group 4 was greatest in the south-easterly bimodal rainfall region. As most members of Groups 2 and 4 show limited penetration into indigenous shrubland, the findings suggest that these summer-active groups dispersed from the summer rainfall into the winter rainfall region via western and eastern coastal corridors in response to the thinning or clearance of the formerly ubiquitous native shrubs.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera- (Coleoptera, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Physiology-},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1483,
	title = {Alpha-diversity patterns of dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae) in the winter rainfall region of South Africa},
	journal = {African Entomology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {67-80},
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, COLEOPTERA, diversity models, histeridae, hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, staphylinidae},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1484,
	title = {Annual age structure patterns in Afrotropical dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under winter rainfall climate},
	journal = {Journal of African Zoology},
	volume = {107},
	number = {5},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {397-411},
	keywords = {age structure, arotropical, COLEOPTERA, Dung, Scarabaeidae, winter rainfall},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1499,
	title = {Climatic and biogeographical associations of Kenyan and northern Tanzanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1993ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {290-305},
	abstract = {The equatorial East African highlands were uplifted in the Pliocene, and together with the associated arid lowlands, they delimit several endemic climatic regions. They also form the eastern and northern limits, respectively, of climate types extending westwards across Central and West Africa and southwards into Southern Africa. This climatic convergence made East Africa an ideal area to survey for dung beetles (Scarabaeinae, Copinae) useful as control agents of dung-breeding flies in Australia where a similar range fox climatic regions occurs. Similarities in climatic range between the 104 species showing the broadest frequency distributions were determined using cluster analysis and depicted on a dendrogram. Three groups were defined at the 25\% level of similarity. One group comprised a single montane species endemic to East Africa. A second group (41 spp.) was numerically dominated by East Africa endemics and associated with endemic East African lowland and Southern African climate types. The third group (62 spp.) was primarily associated with upland climate types. Three upland subgroups, defined at the 43\% level of similarity, were dominated by East African endemics and were associated both with endemic East African highland and more broad-based climate types. A fourth subgroup was dominated by climate generalists showing widespread tropical and temperate biogeographical associations. Overall, the most common distribution patterns were East African endemism, range restricted to East and Southern Africa, and pan-African distribution. On the criterion of widespread distribution, about a third of the East African fauna was especially suitable for introduction into Austrailian for fly control.},
	keywords = {Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management, Physiology-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V. and Dewhurst, Charles F.}
}
@article {1560,
	title = {A new method for observing underground and soil surface behaviors},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {47},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {243-244},
	type = {scientific note},
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J.}
}
@article {1693,
	title = {A new method for marking Scarabaeidae and other Coleoptera},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {47},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {21-26},
	author = {Goldwasser, Lloyd and Schatz, George E. and Young, Helen J.}
}
@article {1700,
	title = {The effect of dung beetle activity on the discharge of Pilobus sporangia in cattle faeces},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1993},
	note = {have copy of abstract},
	pages = {197-198},
	keywords = {cattle feces, dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, parasite control},
	author = {Gormally, M. J}
}
@article {1714,
	title = {The Scarabaeinae (Insecta:Coleoptera), an animal group for analyzing, inventorying and monitoring biodiversity in tropical rain forest and modified landscapes},
	journal = {Biology International},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15-21},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Halffter, G and Favila, M. E.}
}
@article {1890,
	title = {Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages - Their Use in Conservation Planning},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	note = {MP158CONSERV BIOL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {796-808},
	abstract = {Arthropods, the most diverse component of terrestrial ecosystems, occupy a tremendous variety of functional niches and microhabitats across a wide array of spatial and temporal scales. We propose that conservation biologists should take advantage of terrestrial arthropod diversity as a rich data source for conservation planning and management. For reserve selection and design, documentation of the microgeography of selected arthropod taxa can delineate distinct biogeographic zones areas of endemism community types, and centers of evolutionary radiation to improve the spatial resolution of conservation planning. For management of natural areas, monitoring of terrestrial arthropod indicators can provide early warnings of ecological changes, and can be used to assay the effects of further fragmentation on natural areas that no longer support vertebrate indicator species. Many arthropod indicators respond to environmental changes more rapidly than do vertebrate indicators, which may exhibit population responses that do not become evident until too late for proactive management Not all arthropod taxa are equally effective as indicators for conservation planning and the qualities of indicators can differ for purposes of inventory versus monitoring. Assemblages of arthropod taxa used as biogeographic probes in inventories should exhibit relatively high species diversity, high endemism, and encompass the geographic range of interest. For monitoring purposes, indicator assemblages should exhibit varying sensitivity to environmental perturbations and a diversity of life-history and ecological preferences.},
	keywords = {dung beetles general conservation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993MP15800009},
	author = {Kremen, C. and Colwell, R. K. and Erwin, T. L. and Murphy, D. D. and Noss, R. F. and Sanjayan, M. A.}
}
@article {1918,
	title = {Estimation of Dung Beetle Biomass (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {European Journal of Entomology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235-238},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LL77500012},
	author = {Lobo, J. M.}
}
@article {1919,
	title = {The Relationship between Distribution and Abundance in a Dung- Beetle Community (Col, Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	note = {LQ913ACTA OECOL},
	pages = {43-55},
	abstract = {The relationship between species{\textquoteright} local abundance and distribution over a range of spatial scales was analysed in the case of a community of Iberian dung beetles. On a local scale, abundance and distribution are correlated, as statistics would lead one to expect (the larger the population of a species, the more frequently they occur in dung pats and samples). Nevertheless, this correlation is not observed in the data derived from annual sampling, due to presence of species characterized by high population growth rates and narrow seasonal occurrences. The supposition (BROWN, 1984) that broad- niche species should also be locally abundant is not corroborated; species were found that were well-distributed locally, but without large local populations. On a regional scale, the results are in agreement with the model proposed by BROWN \& MAURER (1987); locally abundant species tend to be well-distributed, although there is considerable variation in this correlation. On a geographical scale the results are as would be expected, although there are exceptions, possibly due to historical factors.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LQ91300005},
	author = {Lobo, J. M.}
}
@inbook {1950,
	title = {Evoluzione recente delle popolazioni di grandi mamiferi della fauna d{\textquoteright}Italia},
	booktitle = {XIX Seminario Sulla "Evoluzione Biologica e i Grandi Problemi della Biologia{\textquoteright}},
	year = {1993},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {21-37},
	publisher = {Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei},
	organization = {Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei},
	address = {Roma},
	keywords = {deer mammals, Europe, expansion, Italy, mammal, reforestation, wild boar, wild ungulate},
	author = {Lovari, S}
}
@article {1953,
	title = {Field effects of ivermectin residues on dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {428-436},
	abstract = {1. The effects and the persistence of a single injection of ivermectin (lvomecR) to steers, at the recommended dose rate of 200 yg kg-{\textquoteright} body weight, were studied in spring field experiments (Spanish conditions). 2. Elimination of ivermectin by cattle (faecal route) was rapid (12 days), with a peak in day 5. The persistence of ivermectin in dropped dung was low under field conditions (<6 days). 3. The drug itself did not increase attraction of beetles to dung. The attraction of beetles to dung from treated animals increased after day 5 until day 17, beyond the time when ivermectin was available. The hypothesis made was that ivermectin modified the gut flora of treated cattle after the peak of elimination. Watering of pats did not influence results. 4. Ivermectin concentration in dung dropped on days 1and 10 post-treatment in- hibited the development of larvae of the dung-dwelling Diptera Neomyia cornicina. At the former concentration, it inhibited the development of the dung beetle Euoniticellus fulvus whereas, for the latter, a slight delay in development was observed. 5. The consequences of routine treatment of cattle with ivermectin on non-target organisms are discussed. The risks for the environment are different according to insect groups and countries, mainly due to differences in conditions of temperature and degradation of ivermectin.},
	keywords = {attraction, COLEOPTERA, diptera, Dung beetles, elimination, environmental risks., IVERMECTIN, persistence},
	author = {Lumaret, Jean-Pierre and Galante, E. and Lumbreras, C. and Mena, J. and Bertrand, M. and Bernal, J. L. and Cooper, J. F. and Kadiri, N. and Crowe, D.}
}
@article {1976,
	title = {New data and observations on kleptoparasitic behaviour in dung beetles from temperate regions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15-18},
	author = {Martin-Piera, Fermin and Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1594,
	title = {Dung beetles attracted to mammalian herbivore (Alouatta palliata) and omnivore (Nasua narica) dung in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {45-54},
	keywords = {Alouatta, dung beetle, mammal mammals, Mexico, nasua narica, Scarabaeidae, tropical rainforest},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Halffter, Gonzalo and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond and Meritt, Dennis}
}
@article {2025,
	title = {Natural Manuring and Soil Conditioning by Dung Beetles},
	journal = {Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1993ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {150-159},
	abstract = {To assess the role of dung beetles in conditioning and revitalizing the soil, field and laboratory studies were conducted on three species: Onitis philemon F., O. virens Lansb. and Onthophagus catta (F.). In addition to dung burial and soil excavation, the depth and diameter of their burrows, the nitrogen deposited and the work performed per unit area were also recorded. Dung incorporated per burrow was maximum by O. virens (43.8 +- 6.1 g), followed by O. philemon (21.2 +- 0.9 g) and O. catta (1.6 +- 0.2 g). However, the total work done in an area depended on their population density. Accordingly, the amount of dung deposited per hectare was largest by O. philemon (10.6 kg), followed by O. virens (6.6 kg) and O. catta (1.4 kg).},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Nutrition-, Onitis-philemon (Coleoptera-), Onitis-virens (Coleoptera-), Onthophagus-, Physiology-, Soil-Science},
	author = {Mittal, I. C.}
}
@article {2090,
	title = {Habitat specificity in African dung beetles: The effect of soil type on dung burial by two species of ball-rolling dung beetles (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1993ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {243-251},
	abstract = {The dung burial ability of two congeneric ball-rolling dung beetles, Allogymnopleurus thalassinus Klug 1855 and Allogymnopleurus consocius Peringuey 1900 was investigated in field experiments in three different textural classes of sod at contrasting moisture levels in order to seek an explanation for their strong associations with particular soil types in the field. The success and depth of burial of dung balls was measured and was strongly associated with sod hardness. Both species were unable to bury dung in soil with a hardness greater than 2 kg/cm-2. Beetles were able to utilize both sand and clay sods for dung burial sites provided the soil was soft. Hard-setting sandy clay soils exceeded the hardness threshold except during brief periods following rain but the deep sand and self-mulching clay soils did not exceed this threshold even when dry. The restriction of each species to soft soils of a particular texture is discussed.},
	keywords = {Allogymnopleurus-consocius (Coleoptera-), Allogymnopleurus-thalassinus (C, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Physiology-, Soil-Science},
	author = {Osberg, D. C. and Doube, B. M. and Hanrahan, S. A.}
}
@article {2137,
	title = {Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) reproduction and survival},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {127-137},
	abstract = {Scarabaeine dung beetles feeding on dung from cattle treated with an injection of avermectin at a therapeutic dose to control internal parasites, show larval mortality, mortality of immature adults, reduced egg production, and inhibited ovariole development for periods of 1-4 weeks following treatment. In winter rainfall regions of Australia, feeding by newly emerged adults of an introduced species, Onthophagus binodis, resulted in shredding of cattle dung between December and May. Production of brood masses and eggs resulted in dung being buried from September to November. Feeding by newly emerged adults of a native species, Onthophagusferox, resulted in dung being buried in May and June, and production of brood masses for breeding resulted in dung burial between September and November. There are thus 2-6 months of the year when injection of cattle with avermectin would affect mortality of newly emerged beetles, and 3 months of the year when avermectin treatment of cattle would affect dung beetle oviposition or larval survival. Beetles were attracted to fresh dung for 2-4 days, and most had left the pad within a week. There are no data to indicate the effects of aver- mectin residues in dung on dung beetle populations and on beetle fitness. Tests should be done to determine ifavermectins in slow release devices have a greater effect on dung beetles than injections, and to determine what effects both have on dung beetle populations. },
	author = {Ridsdill-Smith, T. J.}
}
@article {2243,
	title = {Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) of the Chiapanecan forests: a faunal survey and chorographic analysis},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {363-408},
	author = {Thomas, Donald B.}
}
@inbook {2248,
	title = {Impact of exotic dung beetles on native dung beetles, bush flies and on dung},
	booktitle = {Pest control and sustainable agriculture},
	year = {1993},
	note = {interlibrary loan 1/5 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {362-364},
	publisher = {CSIRO},
	organization = {CSIRO},
	address = {Melbourne, Australia},
	keywords = {dung beetle, exotic, flies, native dung beetles, parasite control dung beetle},
	author = {Tyndale-Biscoe, M},
	editor = {Corey, S. A. and Dall, D. J. and Milne, W. M}
}
@article {2253,
	title = {Elytral punctures: a rapid, reliable method for marking Colorado potato beetle},
	journal = {The Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {55-63},
	author = {Unruh, T. R. and Chauvin, R. L.}
}
@article {2267,
	title = {A Study of Some Aspects of the Behaviour of Catharsius mollossus (L.) and C. pithecius (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society},
	volume = {90},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {65-68},
	author = {Veenakumari, K. and Veeresh, G. K.}
}
@article {2291,
	title = {A southern range extension for the introduced dung beetle Onthophagus taurus Schreber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {129-130},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina}
}
@article {2336,
	title = {Distribution and flow of nitrogen in cow dung-soil system colonized by paracoprid dung beetles},
	journal = {Edaphologia },
	volume = {50},
	year = {1993},
	note = {digital},
	pages = {49},
	keywords = {Dung habitat, Dung habitat nitrogen distribution and flow, Gases, Impact on habitat, nitrogen, Onthophagus lenzii ( Scarabaeidae ) : Element cycles, role in distribution and flow in dung, Role in distribution and flow of nitrogen, role in dung habitat},
	author = {Yokoyama, K. and Kai, H.}
}
@article {2362,
	title = {Food relocation in xerix environments: the case of Ennearabdus lobocephalus (Harold) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {420-421},
	author = {Zunino, Mario and Barbero, Enrico and Luzzatto, M.}
}
