@article {1846,
	title = {Diversity of dung-beetle community in declining Japanese subalpine forest caused by an increasing sika deer population},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {digital and hard copy},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {135-141},
	abstract = {The Ohdaigahara subalpine plateau in Japan has recently suffered a reduction in primary forest land caused by an increasing population of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Deer have debarked many trees, causing die-back, gradually changing the primary forest first to light forest with a floor that is densely covered with sasa grass (Sasa nipponica) and then to S. nipponica grassland. To examine the effects of vegetative transformation on the dung-beetle community, we compared the diversity and abundance of dung-beetle assemblages in the primary forest, transition forest, and S. nipponica grassland using dung-baited pitfall traps. The species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) were significantly highest in the primary forest and lowest in the S. nipponica grassland. The evenness (Smith-Wilson index) was highest in the primary forest and nearly equal in the transition forest and S. nipponica grassland. The abundance was apparently greater in the transition forest than in the primary forest and S. nipponica grassland. These results suggest that loss of primary forest resulting from an increasing deer population decreases the diversity of the dung-beetle community while increasing the abundance of dung beetles in the transition forest. Sika deer use transition forests and grasslands more frequently than primary forests as habitat, but an increase in dung supply there does not necessarily increase the diversity or abundance of dung-beetle assemblages.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, COLEOPTERA, dung beetle, evenness, fragmentation, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, ohdaigahara mammals, primary forest, sasa nipponica, Sasa nipponica grassland, Scarabaeidae, south-africa, transition forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228011500004 },
	author = {Kanda, N. and Yokota, T. and Shibata, E. and Sato, H.}
}
@article {2181,
	title = {Two nesting behaviours and life history of a subsocial African dung-rolling beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {457-469},
	abstract = {Nesting behaviour of a large-sized dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus (Gerstaecker), was observed at the Tsavo West National Park, south-eastern Kenya. Although this species is taxonomically a member of a dung-roller group (that is, subfamily Scarabaeinae), it had not only a rolling behaviour but also a tunneller behaviour for nesting. In the former case, the scarab rolled a chunk or a ball of dung some distance (0.5-15.5 m) away from the dung pat and buried it under the ground. In the latter case, it dug a tunnel near the dung pat (0-1 m) and transported several pieces of dung into the burrow. In both cases, brood nests were completed by a female alone or by male-female co-operation. Four days after dung burial, the female made one to four brood balls out of buried dung, in each of which she deposited an egg. On the other hand, the male left the nest soon after the female completed oviposition. Even after oviposition, the female stayed in the nest and cared for her progeny until they emerged. This indicates that S. catenatus is subsocial. A major source of offspring mortality was likely to be predation by driver ants (Dorylus sp.). Most females seemed to breed one time in each of two or more successive rainy seasons. },
	keywords = {dung beetle, life history, maternal care, nesting behaviour, Scarabaeus catenatus, subsociality.},
	author = {Sato, H.}
}
@article {2183,
	title = {Nidification of an african ball-rolling scarab, Scarabaeus platynotus Baters (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Kontyu},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {203-207},
	author = {Sato, H. and Imamori, Mitsuhiko}
}
@article {2184,
	title = {Production of two brood pears from one dung ball in an african ball-roller, Scarabaeus aegyptiorum (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Kontyu},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {381-385},
	author = {Sato, H. and Imamori, Mitsuhiko}
}
