@article {1653,
	title = {Reductions of non-pest insects in dung of cattle treated with endectocides: a comparison of four products},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {471-481},
	abstract = {Pour-on formulations of four endectocide products were compared to assess the effect of faecal residues on insects developing in naturally-colonized dung of treated cattle. In each of three independent experiments, suppression of insects was associated with application of doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin, but no effect was observed for moxidectin. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, suppression of insects was observed for each compound, with the least effect being observed for moxidectin. Based on the number of species affected and duration of suppression, doramectin > ivermectin > eprinomectin >> moxidectin were ranked in descending order of adverse effect. Asecond set of three independent experiments was performed to assess the effect of endectocide treatment on dung degradation. Delayed degradation was observed for dung of cattle treated with doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin in the first experiment. No effect of treatment was detected in the second experiment. An effect of moxidectin was detected in the third experiment, but differences could not be detected with subsequent post-hoc tests. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, delayed degradation was detected only for eprinomectin. The apparent discrepancy between the low effect of moxidectin on insects versus its effect of dung degradation suggests the confounding action of other unidentified factors. Results of the current study indicate that use of moxidectin is least likely to affect the natural assemblage of insects associated with cattle dung.},
	author = {Floate, K. D. and Colwell, D. D. and Fox, A. S.}
}
@article {2255,
	title = {Modelled impact of insecticide-contaminated dung on the abundance and distribution of dung fauna},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {251-263},
	abstract = {Deterministic models assessed the effects that contaminated dung from insecticide-treated cattle had on populations of three hypothetical species of dung fauna that dispersed randomly and could double their numbers every 1{\textendash}28 weeks at low density. Insecticide was allowed to kill 2{\textendash}98\% of adults and prevent 16{\textendash}100\% of breeding in pats produced immediately after cattle treatment, with toxicity declining to <1\% in pats produced 2{\textendash}23 days later. Treatment intervals were 10{\textendash}40 days. The modelled impact of insecticide was affected little by approximately four-fold variations in: length and density dependence of the attractive life span of pats, frequency of pat occupation by immature adults, distribution of pat toxicity during treatment interval, and changes in dispersal rates due to age and population density. Of greater importance were variations in: pat toxicity, treatment interval, frequency of pat occupation by breeding adults, density dependence of recruitment and death, natural adversity and mortality in dormancy, general rate of dispersal, and the size and shape of the area with treated cattle. Overall, it seemed that wide variations in the impact of contamination will occur in the field, but in many situations the risk to dung fauna can be substantial, especially for slow breeding beetles, and muscoids contacting insecticide on cattle. Risk extends outside the treated areas, for a distance equal to several daily displacements of the insects. Untreated refuges for species survival should be compact blocks at least 25 daily displacements wide. },
	author = {Vale, G. A. and Grant, I. F.}
}
