@article {1333,
	title = {Gamma diversity: derived from and a determinant of alpha diversity and beta diversity. An analysis of three tropical landscapes},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {27-76},
	abstract = {Using three taxonomic groups of beetles we examine how alpha and beta diversity influence the species richness of a landscape (gamma diversity), and vice versa. That is, how the species richness of a landscape {\textendash} which is a historical and biogeographical phenomenon {\textendash} contributes to the values of alpha diversity (1) at a given site, (2) in a community, (3) in terms of cumulative species richness by community, and also contributes to (4) the intensity of species exchange between communities. To explore this question, we used two subfamilies of Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeinae and Geotrupinae, and the family Silphidae. In all analyses these three taxonomic groups are considered as a single indicator group: the copronecrophagous beetles. Information is also included on the subfamily Aphodiinae (Scarabaeoidea), coprophagous beetles not included in the indicator group. Several types of vegetation located in three landscapes (tropical, transition and mountain) were studied, and these are located along an altitudinal gradient in the central part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. We base this study on the following concepts. The alpha diversity of an indicator group reflects the number of species that use a given environment or resource in a given place or community. Spacial beta diversity is related to the response of organisms to spatial heterogeneity. Gamma diversity depends primarily on the historical and geographic processes that operate on the mesoscale level and is also affected by alpha and beta diversity. It is on this scale of landscape that human actions, such as the modification and fragmentation of vegetation, have their most important effects. These are, however, often beyond the scope of ecological analyses carried out on a local scale. In the three landscapes, sampling was carried out regularly at 67 sites, with complementary sampling at another 69 sites. Twenty-six types of vegetation communities were studied. A total of 16,152 specimens representing 60 species were captured (52 species of Scarabaeinae, 4 Geotrupinae and 4 Silphidae). In the tropical landscape the community richest in species was low deciduous forest. In the transition landscape, cloud forest was the richest. Each of these communities is the most representative of their respective altitudinal bands. In contrast, the greatest species richness in the mountain landscape occurred in the mountain grasslands and pastures; types of community favoured by or even created by human intervention. This is explained by the expansion of heliophilous species from the Mexican High Plateau into these areas. In the tropical landscape the species richness of the pastures is similar to that of its forests, but with a partially different composition which is characterized by the dominance of heliophilous and coprophagous species; the latter, in addition to the more ubiquitous species that are shared with the tropical forest. In the transition landscape the cloud forest and the coffee plantations with polyspecific shade are important in the context of conserving the fauna. This type of community offers arboreal cover and occupies the majority of this landscape, allowing the groups of insects studied to move between remnant fragments of cloud forest. On the landscape scale but not locally, the fragmentation of natural communities does not appear to have reduced the number of species for the beetles of the indicator group. In each landscape disturbance by human activity appears to have been overcome for distinct reasons. In the tropical landscape we find the heliophilous beetle fauna characteristic of pastures, and this has increased by two species of recent invaders. In the transition landscape, the coffee plantations with polyspecific shade create a communication matrix, while in the mountain landscape the expansion of the mountain pastures has made conditions more favourable for heliophilous species. These results are not necessarily expected for other groups of organisms. },
	keywords = {alpha, anthropogenic landscape, beta and gamma diversity, Dung beetles, Geotrupinae, Scarabaeinae, Silphidae, Veracruz},
	author = {Arellano, Lucrecia and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1579,
	title = {Space and time distribution along a succesional gradient of coprofagous coleopterans (Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae) in a tropical montane forest, Narino Colombia},
	journal = {Revista De Biologia Tropical},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 39Cited References:      AMAT G, 1997, CALDASIA, V19, P191     ANDRADE IG, 1992, BIODIVERSIDAD CONSER, P9     BREYTENBACH W, 1986, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V49, P359     CAVALIER J, 1991, BOSQUES NIEBLA COLOM, P69     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P133     EDWARDS PB, 1991, FUNCT ECOL, V5, P617     ELLIOT JM, 1977, SOME METHODS STAT AN     EMLEN DJ, 1997, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V264, P567     ESCOBAR F, 1999, 4 REUN LAT AM SCAR V, P135     ESCOBAR F, 2000, ACTA ZOOL MEX, V79, P103     ESCOBAR F, 1997, CALDASIA, V19, P419     ESCOBAR F, 1994, THESIS U VALLE CALI     ESPINAL S, 1977, ZONAS VIDA FORMACION, V13     ESTRADA A, 1993, J TROP ECOL, V9, P45     FAVILA ME, 1997, ACTA ZOOLOGICA MEXIC, V72, P1     FAVILA ME, 1993, ETHOL ECOL EVOL, V5, P319     FAVILA ME, 1988, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEX, V75, P117     FINCHER GT, 1973, COL B, V27, P33     FORMAN RTT, 1995, LAND MOSAICS     HALFFTER G, 1993, BIOL INT     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     HALFFTER G, 1992, FOLIA ENTOMOLOGICA M, V84, P131     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLES ECOLOGY, P331     HANSKI I, 1989, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD B, V14, P489     HOBBS RJ, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P324     JANZEN HD, 1982, OIKOS, V33, P274     KATTAN GH, 1996, FOREST PATCHES TROPI, P3     KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715     LORD JM, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P197     NEALIS VG, 1977, CAN J ZOOL, V5, P138     ROUGON D, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P230     SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SOWIG P, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P254     SOWIG P, 1995, ECOGRAPHY, V18, P147     STOUFFER PC, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2429     VANDERHAMMEN T, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, P603     WEINS JA, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P369     WOLDA H, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P1FrenchArticle450BDREV BIOL TROP},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {961-975},
	abstract = {Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae y Aphodiinae) were used to evaluate the effects of human activities in the area surrounding La Planada Natural Reserve, southwestern Colombia. During 1993 we monitored three habitats: primary and secondary forest, and open fields used for cattle grazing. A total of 55 295 trap / hours, evenly distributed among the three habitat types, captured 9 115 individuals (18 species, 11 general. There were differences in species richness between habitats (F-2,F-9 = 29.88; P < 0.001), an in number of individuals (F-2,F-9 = 36.22; P < 0.001). Collecting sites differed within habitats. Cluster analyses show that species composition differs between habitats with and without tree cover. Open areas act as barriers for movements of forest species. Differences between habitats and collecting sites may reflect high environmental heterogeneity, land use history of the sites or the influence of nearby disturbance. Some of the species found in open fields come from lower elevations and are usually associated with intense human disturbance. The proportion of digging and rolling: species is similar in both primary and secondary forest, nocturnal species are more abundant; in open areas rolling species are absent and the number of diurnal species increases. We found no relationship between rainfall and species richness (r(2) = 0.26; P = 0.41), nor between rainfall and number of individuals collected throughout the year (r(2) = 0.07; P = 0.84). For all species the number of individuals collected decreased during dry season and during the onset of the rainy season.},
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, Colombian Andes, consequences, diversity and conservation, Dung beetles, fragmentation, heterogeneity, Scarabaeinae, soil-moisture, spatial, succession gradient},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000169720900020},
	author = {Escobar, F. and de Ulloa, P. C.}
}
@article {1585,
	title = {Space and time distribution along a succesional gradient of coprofagous coleopterans (Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae) in a tropical montane forest, Narino Colombia},
	journal = {Revista De Biologia Tropical},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 39Cited References:      AMAT G, 1997, CALDASIA, V19, P191     ANDRADE IG, 1992, BIODIVERSIDAD CONSER, P9     BREYTENBACH W, 1986, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V49, P359     CAVALIER J, 1991, BOSQUES NIEBLA COLOM, P69     DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P133     EDWARDS PB, 1991, FUNCT ECOL, V5, P617     ELLIOT JM, 1977, SOME METHODS STAT AN     EMLEN DJ, 1997, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V264, P567     ESCOBAR F, 1999, 4 REUN LAT AM SCAR V, P135     ESCOBAR F, 2000, ACTA ZOOL MEX, V79, P103     ESCOBAR F, 1997, CALDASIA, V19, P419     ESCOBAR F, 1994, THESIS U VALLE CALI     ESPINAL S, 1977, ZONAS VIDA FORMACION, V13     ESTRADA A, 1993, J TROP ECOL, V9, P45     FAVILA ME, 1997, ACTA ZOOLOGICA MEXIC, V72, P1     FAVILA ME, 1993, ETHOL ECOL EVOL, V5, P319     FAVILA ME, 1988, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEX, V75, P117     FINCHER GT, 1973, COL B, V27, P33     FORMAN RTT, 1995, LAND MOSAICS     HALFFTER G, 1993, BIOL INT     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     HALFFTER G, 1992, FOLIA ENTOMOLOGICA M, V84, P131     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLES ECOLOGY, P331     HANSKI I, 1989, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD B, V14, P489     HOBBS RJ, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P324     JANZEN HD, 1982, OIKOS, V33, P274     KATTAN GH, 1996, FOREST PATCHES TROPI, P3     KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715     LORD JM, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P197     NEALIS VG, 1977, CAN J ZOOL, V5, P138     ROUGON D, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P230     SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SOWIG P, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P254     SOWIG P, 1995, ECOGRAPHY, V18, P147     STOUFFER PC, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2429     VANDERHAMMEN T, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, P603     WEINS JA, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P369     WOLDA H, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P1FrenchArticle450BDREV BIOL TROP},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {961-975},
	abstract = {Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae y Aphodiinae) were used to evaluate the effects of human activities in the area surrounding La Planada Natural Reserve, southwestern Colombia. During 1993 we monitored three habitats: primary and secondary forest, and open fields used for cattle grazing. A total of 55 295 trap / hours, evenly distributed among the three habitat types, captured 9 115 individuals (18 species, 11 general. There were differences in species richness between habitats (F-2,F-9 = 29.88; P < 0.001), an in number of individuals (F-2,F-9 = 36.22; P < 0.001). Collecting sites differed within habitats. Cluster analyses show that species composition differs between habitats with and without tree cover. Open areas act as barriers for movements of forest species. Differences between habitats and collecting sites may reflect high environmental heterogeneity, land use history of the sites or the influence of nearby disturbance. Some of the species found in open fields come from lower elevations and are usually associated with intense human disturbance. The proportion of digging and rolling: species is similar in both primary and secondary forest, nocturnal species are more abundant; in open areas rolling species are absent and the number of diurnal species increases. We found no relationship between rainfall and species richness (r(2) = 0.26; P = 0.41), nor between rainfall and number of individuals collected throughout the year (r(2) = 0.07; P = 0.84). For all species the number of individuals collected decreased during dry season and during the onset of the rainy season.},
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, Colombian Andes, consequences, diversity and conservation, Dung beetles, fragmentation, heterogeneity, Scarabaeinae, soil-moisture, spatial, succession gradient},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000169720900020},
	author = {Escobar S. , Federico and de Ulloa, P. C.}
}
@article {1587,
	title = {Altitudinal variation of dung beetle (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) assemblages in the Colombian Andes},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {327-337},
	keywords = {Altitudinal distribution, Colombian Andes, composition, diversity, Dung beetles, Scarabaeinae, species co-occurrence},
	author = {Escobar S. , Federico and Lobo, Jorge M. and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1588,
	title = {Assessing the origin of Neotropical mountain dung beetle assemblages (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the comparative influence of vertical and horizontal colonization},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1793-1803},
	keywords = {Colombian Andes, colonization, Dung beetles, elevational gradients, historical factors, mountain assemblages, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Escobar S. , Federico and Lobo, Jorge M. and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1790,
	title = {Dung beetle geographic diversity variation along a Western Iberian latitudinal transect (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {93},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {235-243},
	abstract = {To explore the richness and geographic turnover of dung beetle assemblages (Scar- abaeinae and Aphodiinae) inhabiting the Western Iberian peninsula, a latitudinal north{\DH}south transect was carried out in Portuguese territory. Estimators of alpha, beta, and gamma diversities were used, as well as the ratio Scarabaeinae/Aphodiinae, which puts into evidence some dung beetle community spatial characteristics. Clustering methods were also used to ascertain relationships between biogeographical Portuguese regions and geographical patterns of species replacement. Although Scarabaeinae appears mainly responsible for overall and regional richness, Aphodiinae richness was rather low everywhere except for the southernmost plot of the transect investigated. The scarcity of Aphodiinae species is re{\ss}ected in the Scarabaeinae/Aphodiinae ratio, a score that is, however, clearly biased toward the Aphodiinae in almost all the Iberian Peninsula. For this reason the pairwise turnover in species composition between sites is mainly determined by the variation in Scarabaeinae species. Peaks of },
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, biogeography, Dung beetles, faunistic turnover, Portugal, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Hortal-Munoz, J. and Martin-Pierra, Fermin and Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1864,
	title = {Biodiversity, conservation, and hotspots atlas of Costa Rica: a dung beetle perspective (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1457},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-34},
	abstract = {This paper is an analysis of the distribution of areas of high species richness and endemicity based on dung beetles living in the different Holdridge life-zones of Costa Rica by using a geographic information system (GIS).  Endemism was examined in relation to whether the species were shared with Nicaragua and/or Panama, or if they were strictly Costa Rican.  The species composition of dung beetle distributions in the sampling areas and life-zones was evaluated.  Species distribution was also analyzed in relation to altitudinal levels.  The species richness and endemicity maps served as a base for doing a gap analysis and defining four different levels of high priority conservation areas.  We also investigated what percentage of these priority areas is under some type of protection or conservation scheme and which of these areas should be enlarged.  Also considered is the feasibility that these areas under protection have for enlargement, considering possible problems and interactions with present land-use.  We include a list of all the recorded dung beetle species for Costa Rica, as well as their presence in the different Holdridge life-zones and their endemicity status.  This study clearly demonstrates the need to include insects in biodiversity-endemicity studies because different and more detailed results are obtained in relation to vertebrate and plant-based studies.},
	keywords = {biodiversity areas, Biodiversity atlas, conservation, Costa Rica, Dung beetles, endemism areas, gap analysis, Scarabaeinae},
	isbn = {1175-5326 print1175-5334},
	author = {Kohlmann, Bert and Solis, Angel and Elle, Ortwin and Soto, Xinia and Russo, Ricardo}
}
@article {1776,
	title = {Are ball-rolling (Scarabaeini, Gymnopleurini, Sisyphini) and tunnelling scarabaeine dung beetles equally choosy about the size of ingested dung particles?},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {700-705},
	abstract = {1. The maximum size of ingested particles was determined in 11 species of ball-rolling, adult dung beetle (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) by mixing small latex or glass balls of known diameter into their food. The tribes Scarabaeini, Gymnopleurini, and Sisyphini (four, four, and three species respec- tively) were represented, with mean body sizes ranging from 0.33 to 4.0 g fresh weight. 2. Only particles with maximum diameters of 4{\textendash}85 mm were ingested. Hence rollers, like other known beetles feeding on fresh dung, filter out larger, indiges- tible plant fragments and confine ingestion to small particles of higher nutritional value. 3. The maximum diameter of ingested particles increased significantly with body weight, whereas taxon (tribe) had no additional effect. Because big rollers accept larger particles than do tunnellers (which make dung stores for feeding and breeding in the soil immediately below the pat) of similar weight, the slope of the diameter-against-weight regression for rollers was significantly higher than that found earlier for tunnellers. 4. An explanation could be that a typical food ball made by a roller is con- siderably smaller than the amount of dung available to a feeding tunneller of the same size. If the roller were as choosy about particle size as the tunneller, it might not get enough food. This applies to large rollers in particular because their food balls contain a higher proportion of coarse fibres than those made by small species. },
	keywords = {Ball-rollers, Dung beetles, food exploitation, particle feeding, rollers, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, telecoprids},
	author = {Holter, P. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {2284,
	title = {Escarabajos coprofagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) del Palmar de las Islas, Santa Cruz, Bolivia},
	journal = {Kempffiana},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3-20},
	abstract = {In Palmar de las Islas (Bolivian Chaco) through fall traps we study the richness, abundance and diversity of the dung beetles in four sites with different perturbation level, mainly for the bovine livestock. In two carried out samplings, one in the dry season (September 2006) and another in the humid season (February 2007), we capture a total of 8033 individuals corresponding to 58 species, Canthon lituratus was the most abundant species in all the sites. The bigger than richness (46 species) and abundance (3391 individuals) it was obtained in the Not Intervened Forest, while in the other sites with perturbation the richness and abundance was smaller. The humid season is a decisive factor for the increment of the richness of species and the number of individuals (57 species and 7956 individuals vs 11 species and 77 individuals). The results show the sensibility of the group before different perturbation levels and the relationship with the conservation levels. },
	keywords = {Bolivia, Chaco Forest, Dung beetles, Palmar de las Islas, Scarabaeinae},
	isbn = {1991-4652},
	author = {Vidaurre, Tito and Gonzales, Lucindo and Ledezma, Maria Julieta}
}
@article {2306,
	title = {Laboratory culture of beneficial dung scarabs},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 24Cited References:      *MINITAB, 1991, MINITAB REF MAN REL     BLUME RR, 1975, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V4, P735     BOERO JJ, 1976, PARASITOSIS ANIMALES     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1976, AUSTR MEAT RES COMMI, V30, P1     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1960, J AUST I AGR SCI, V26, P54     DOUBE BM, 1988, B ENTOMOL RES, V78, P63     DOUBE BM, 1987, S AFR J SCI, V83, P187     DRUMMOND RO, 1988, CONTROL ARTHROPOD PE     EDWARDS PB, 1985, J AUST ENTOMOL SOC, V24, P103     FINCHER GT, 1986, SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL, V11, P203     FINCHER GT, 1987, SW ENT, V12, P321     GILLARD P, 1967, J AUST I AGR SCI, V33, P30     HALFFTER G, 1981, AN ESC NAC CIENC BIO, V25, P117     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEX, V12, P14     HALFTTER G, 1982, NESTING BEHAV DUNG B     HUGHES RD, 1978, B ENTOMOL RES, V68, P361     MACLUSKY DS, 1960, J BR GRASSL SOC, V15, P181     MCKINNEY GT, 1975, J APPL ECOL, V12, P831     PETERSON RG, 1956, AGRON J, V48, P440     PONT AC, 1973, INSECTS OTHER ARTHRO, P251     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1990, B ENTOMOL RES, V80, P473     RIDSDILLSMITH TJ, 1985, ENTOMOPHAGA, V30, P217     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     WALSH GC, 1996, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V89, P581EnglishArticleWH859J ECON ENTOMOL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {124-129},
	abstract = {Cattle dung accumulation presents problems of pasture fouling, nutrient loss, intestinal parasitosis, and pest fly development. These problems have been confronted, with variable success, with the introduction of coprophagous scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). This work reports the results of field collections and laboratory culture of immature and adult dung scarabs. We compared several treatments of eggs and larvae in search of good methods for rearing scarabs in aseptic conditions. We collected 13 abundant species from northern and central Argentina. We obtained approximate to 4,500 eggs, some of which we sent to quarantine facilities in the United States, and others which we reared in our laboratory with 5 different techniques. Five common and widespread species, Ontherus sulcator (F.), Gromphas lacordairet Brulle, Dichotomius semiaeneus (Germar), Sulcophanaeus menelas (Castelnau), and Bolbites onitoides Harold, had the highest oviposition rates and were also the easiest to rear. Two methods, freeze-dried and gamma sterilized brood masses and balls, provided the best results (i.e., percentage of beetles completing development). As a rule, the species with short larval development time and wide distributions were easier to rear.},
	keywords = {beetles coleoptera, broodballs, diptera, dung beetle rearing, Dung beetles, muscidae, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH85900019},
	author = {Walsh, G. C. and Cordo, H. A. and Briano, J. A. and Gandolfo, D. E. and Logarzo, G. A.}
}
