@article {1316,
	title = {Primary seed dispersal by red howler monkeys and the effect of defecation patterns on the fate of dispersed seeds},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {569EEBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {261-272},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the quantity and quality of dispersal. The quality of dispersal depends in large part on factors that affect the post-dispersal fate of seeds, and yet this aspect of dispersal quality is rarely assessed. In the particular case of seed dispersal through endozoochory the defecation pattern produced has the potential of affecting the fate of dispersed seeds and consequently, dispersal quality and effectiveness. In this study, I assessed the effects of dung presence and dung/seed densities on seed predation by rodents and seconclary dispersal by dung beetles. In particular, I compared seed fates in clumped defecation patterns, as those produced by howler monkeys, with seed faces in scattered defecation patterns, as those produced by other frugivores. I also determined the prevalence of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) as seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonia by determining the number of species they dispersed in a 25-month period. I found chat dung presence and a-mount affected rodent and dung beetle behavior. Seed predation rates were higher when dung was present, and when it was in higher densities. The same number of seeds was buried by dung beetles, in clumped versus scattered defecation patterns, but more seeds were buried when they were inside large dung-piles versus small piles. Seed density had no effect on rodent or dung beetle behavior. Results indicate that caution should be taken when categorizing an animal as a high or low quality seed disperser before carefully examining the factors that affect the fate of dispersed seeds. Red howler monkeys dispersed the seeds of 137 species during the study period, which is the highest yet reported number for an Alouatta species, and should thus be considered highly prevalent seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonian terra firme rain forests.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Central Amazonia, defecation pattern, dispersal, Dung beetles, dung beetles scarabaeidae, howler monkeys, los, postdispersal, primary seed dispersal, secondary seed, seed, seed fate, tropical moist forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176587000008},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1613,
	title = {Spatio-temporal, variations in post-dispersal seed fate},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 78Cited References:      ALMEIDA SS, 1995, BOL MUS PARA EMILIO, V11, P265     ANDRESEN E, 1999, BIOTROPICA, V31, P145     ANDRESEN E, 1994, THESIS DUKE U DURHAM     ANDRESEN E, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI     ASQUITH NM, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P941     BONGERS F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     BOUCHER DH, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V49, P409     BREWER SW, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P165     BURKEY TV, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V66, P139     BURKEY TV, 1994, OECOLOGIA, V97, P533     CHAPMAN CA, 1989, BIOTROPICA, V21, P148     CHAPMAN CA, 1996, J TROP ECOL 4, V12, P491     CHAUVET S, 1997, THESIS U PIERRE MARI     CONNELL JH, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P568     DESTEVEN D, 1984, OIKOS, V43, P207     DIRZO R, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P237     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     FEER F, 1999, ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR, V36, P29     FEER F, 1999, J TROP ECOL, V15, P1     FEER F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P227     FEER F, 2001, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V56, P119     FORGET PM, 2000, BIOTROPICA, V32, P452     FORGET PM, 1994, BIOTROPICA, V26, P420     FORGET PM, 1992, BIOTROPICA, V24, P408     FORGET PM, 1990, J TROP ECOL, V6, P459     FORGET PM, 1999, J TROP ECOL 3, V15, P301     FORGET PM, 2001, J TROP ECOL 4, V17, P593     FORGET PM, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P265     FORGET PM, 1993, OECOLOGIA, V94, P255     FORGET PM, 1991, OECOLOGIA, V87, P596     FORGET PM, 1998, S BRIT ECOLOGICAL SO, V37, P25     FORGET PM, 1991, TROP ECOL, V32, P155     GLANZ WE, 1990, 4 NEOTROPICAL RAINFO, P287     GRIMALDI M, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P9     GUILLOTIN M, 1994, J ZOOL, V233, P551     GUILLOTIN M, 1982, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V36, P337     HAMMOND DS, 1998, DYNAMICS TROPICAL CO, P51     HENRY O, 2000, BIOTROPICA, V32, P364     HOCH GA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 1, V13, P51     HOWE HF, 1982, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V13, P201     HOWE HF, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P944     HOWE HF, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V79, P417     HOWE HF, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P123     JANSEN PA, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P275     JANZEN DH, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P501     JANZEN DH, 1974, BIOTROPICA, V6, P69     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY, V63, P1887     JANZEN DH, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P251     JULLIOT C, 1996, AM J PRIMATOL, V40, P261     JULLIOT C, 1998, FOLIA PRIMATOL, V69, P43     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     JULLIOT C, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P431     JULLIOT C, 1992, THESIS U TOURS TOURS     KILTIE RA, 1981, BIOTROPICA, V13, P141     LAMBERT JE, 2002, SEED DISPERSAL PROCE, P365     MALCOLM JR, 1988, ACTA AMAZONICA, V18, P67     OCONNELL MA, 1989, J MAMMAL, V70, P532     OSUNKOYA OO, 1994, AUST J ECOL, V19, P52     PERES CA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 4, V13, P595     PONCY O, 1998, FOREST BIODIVERSITY, P389     PONCY O, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P31     RANKIN JM, 1978, THESIS U MICHIGAN AN     RINGUET S, 1998, THESIS MUSEUM NATL H     SABATIER D, 1990, BOIS FOR TROP, V219, P31     SABATIER D, 1985, REV ECOLOGIE TERRE V, V40, P298     SCHUPP EW, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P526     SCHUPP EW, 1995, ECOSCIENCE, V2, P267     SCHUPP EW, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P525     SHEPHERD VE, 1998, J TROP ECOL 2, V14, P199     SIMMEN B, 1998, CR ACAD SCI III-VIE, V321, P699     SIMMEN B, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P661     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SORK VL, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1341     SPIRONELLO WR, 1996, CHRYSOPHYLLUM AMAZON     SPIRONELLO WR, 1999, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE C     TERBORGH J, 1993, VEGETATIO, V107, P375     VOSS RS, 1996, B AM MUS NAT HIST, V230, P1     ZHANG SY, 1995, BIOTROPICA, V27, P397EnglishArticle637XVBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {555-566},
	abstract = {The post-dispersal fate of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (a canopy tree; Sapotaceae) seeds was analyzed in French Guiana over three consecutive years. Experiments using 750 thread- marked seeds were performed to investigate seed removal, predation, and caching by terrestrial vertebrates on howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) defecation sites, where clumps of intact C lucentifolium seeds were observed. Year-to-year variations in seed fare during the peak fruiting period were considered in relation to overall fruit and seed resource availability estimated by a raked-trail survey. The effect of two forest areas, which differed in soil and floristic composition, was examined with conspecific fruiting tree density as a covariant. Exclosure versus open treatment was used to discriminate small rodents (not larger than a spiny rat) from other vertebrates. The presence of fresh howler dung did not affect seed fate after 20 days as shown by comparisons between defecation sites and control during the first year. There was a significant effect of year on the percentage of seeds remaining after 20 days. Low seed removal in 1995 and 1996 (compared to 1997) corresponded to higher overall fruiting and higher fruiting of C lucentifolium, or the presence of alternative resources for rodents. All effect of forest area was observed on the seed removal rate, which varied with years and protection. Comparatively, an effect of forest area on the percentage of seeds lost was observed in 1996 and an effect of treatment on the percentage of seeds eaten was seen in 1995. The mode of seed caching Suggested that spiny rats were the main seed remover. Results of this study suggest that greater seedling recruitment may Occur when large fruit crop and high howler dispersal co-occur with a lower impact of rodents (i.e., when rodents are saturated by abundant and diversified fruit resources such as in 1995). Such event synchrony, however, is highly unpredictable after only three years of study.},
	keywords = {americana caesalpiniaceae, Chysophyllum lucentifolium, density, French Guiana, french-gui, howler monkey, janzen-connell model, monkeys alouatta-seniculus, rodents, seed dispersal, seed predation, tree, tropical rain-forest, variation, vouacapoua-, yearly},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000180539800008},
	author = {Feer, F. and Forget, P. M.}
}
@article {2112,
	title = {Primary dispersal of seeds by primates and secondary dispersal by dung beetles in Tikal, Guatemala},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {38},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {May},
	pages = {390-397},
	abstract = {We linked primary dispersal by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) to post-dispersal seed fate by studying the effects of dung type and defecation pattern on secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. First, we described the defecation patterns for both primate species. Howler monkeys generally defecated in groups (88\% of observed defecations), with each individual producing on average 31 g of dung, resulting in a large area of the forest floor (31 m(2)) covered by large amounts of dung (clumped spatial pattern). Spider monkeys generally (96\% of observed defecations) defecated individually, each individual producing an average of 11 g of dung, resulting in a small area of the forest floor (2 m(2)) covered by small amounts of dung (scattered spatial pattern). Secondly, we captured dung beetles using as bait the dung of both primate species, to detect differences in the assemblages of these secondary seed dispersers attracted to the dung of both primates. More individual dung beetles, but not more species, were attracted to howler monkey dung than to spider monkey dung. Finally, we assessed experimentally (using plastic beads as seed mimics) how dung type (Ateles vs. Alouatta) and defecation pattern (scattered vs. clumped) affect secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. We found that post-dispersal seed fate was affected by dung type, with more seeds being buried when present in howler monkey dung, than in spider monkey dung, but was not affected by defecation pattern. It is important to consider post-dispersal processes, such as secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles, when comparing species of primary dispersers.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, Ateles, CEBUS-CAPUCINUS, DEFECATION, GERMINATION literature review function service seed dispersal mammal value, howler monkeys, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, patterns, Scarabaeidae, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236766500014 },
	author = {Ponce-Santizo, G. and Andresen, E. and Cano, E. and Cuaron, A. D.}
}
