@article {1362,
	title = {Comparative phylogeography and speciation of dung beetles from the Australian Wet Tropics rainforest},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {23},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {4984-4998},
	abstract = {In tropical rainforests, insects show especially high species richness and local endemism of species relative to vertebrates. One possible cause is that insects respond to historical fluctuations of rainforests on a smaller spatial scale than do vertebrates. To evaluate this hypothesis, we combine environmental niche models and mitochondrial DNA phylo- geography for two pairs of sister species of the dung beetle genus Temnoplectron  (T. aene- opiceum{\textendash}T. subvolitans and T. politulum{\textendash}T. reyi) from the rainforests of northeastern Australia, where climate-driven rainforest fluctuations in the Quaternary have strongly influenced genetic and species diversity of vertebrates. Within both species pairs, the bio- climatic niche was conserved, but the T. aeneopiceum{\textendash}T. subvolitans species pair had the narrower environmental range, and thus more restricted potential distribution. Coalescent analyses indicated Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene divergences for both species pairs, and earlier speciation in (T. aeneopiceum{\textendash}T. subvolitans) than in (T. politulum{\textendash}T. reyi). Phylogeographic structure in (T. aeneopiceum{\textendash}T. subvolitans) was more pronounced than in (T. politulum{\textendash}T. reyi), with significant isolation-by-distance in the former species-pair only. Nested clade and coalescence analyses indicated local range expansions for the T. aeneopiceum{\textendash}subvolitans species pair and range-wide expansion for both T. politulum and T. reyi. We suggest that stronger phylogeographic structure and earlier divergence in (T. aeneopiceum{\textendash}T. subvolitans) than in (T. politulum{\textendash}T. reyi) reflects a stronger influence of environmental barriers to gene flow under the present climate and greater sensitivity to warmer and drier periods of the Quaternary. The two species pairs evidently responded to Quaternary rainforest fluctuations at spatial scales similar to those seen within low-vagility species of vertebrate. Despite this similarity of scale, these insect lineages are reproduc- tively isolated at parapatric boundaries, whereas analogous lineages of vertebrates often are not. We suggest that rapid evolution of genitalia may facilitate geographic speciation in rainforest beetles. },
	keywords = {Dung beetles, mitochondrial DNA, phylogeography, speciation, Temnoplectron, tropical rainforest},
	author = {Bell, Karen L. and Moritz, Craig and Moussalli, Adnan and Yeates, David K.}
}
@article {1429,
	title = {Biogeographical patterns of genetic differentiation in dung beetles of the genus Trypocopris (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) inferred from mtDNA and AFLP analyses},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1149-1162},
	keywords = {amplified fragment length, mitochondrial DNA, phylogeography, polymorphism, population structure, subspecies., Trypocopris},
	author = {Carisio, Loredana and Cervella, Piero and Palestrini, Claudia and DelPero, Massimiliano and Rolando, Antonio}
}
@article {2162,
	title = {Spatial population structure in a patchily distributed beetle},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {823-837},
	abstract = {The dynamics and evolution of populations will critically depend on their spatial structure.Hence, a recent emphasis on one particular type of structure{\textemdash}the metapopulation conceptof Levins{\textemdash}can only be justified by empirical assessment of spatial population structuresin a wide range of organisms. This paper focuses onAphodius fossor, a dung beetle specializedon cattle pastures. An agricultural database was used to locate nearly 50 000 localpopulationsofA. fossorin Finland. Several independent methods were then used to quantify key processesin this vast population system.Allozyme markers and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)sequences were applied to examine genetic differentiation of local populations and to deriveindirect estimates of gene flow. These estimates were compared to values expected on thebasis of direct observations of dispersing individuals and assessments of local effectivepopulation size. Molecular markers revealed striking genetic homogeneity inA. fossor.Differentiation was only evident in mtDNA haplotype frequencies between the isolated{\r A}land islands and the Finnish mainland. Thus, indirect estimates of gene flow agreed withdirect observations that local effective population size inA. fossoris large (hundreds ofindividuals), and that in each generation, a substantial fraction (approximately one-fifth) ofthe individuals move between populations. Large local population size, extreme haplotypediversity and a high regional incidence ofA. fossorall testify against recurrent populationturnover. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that the whole mainlandpopulation ofA. fossoris better described as one large {\textquoteleft}patchy population{\textquoteright}, with substantialmovement between relatively persistent local populations, than as a classical metapopulation.},
	keywords = {allozymes, aphodius, gene flow, genetic differentiation, mitochondrial DNA, spatial population structure},
	author = {Roslin, T.}
}
@article {2213,
	title = {Phylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {75-84},
	abstract = {Aim Namib biogeography in many instances remains reliant on advanced and detailed systematic studies. This study attempts to combine molecular phylogenetic data, geology and palaeo-climatic data to (i) resolve the relationships of the 13 morphological species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) and (ii) relate their evolution to past climatic and geological events. Location South Africa and Namibia. Methods Sequencing of a 1197 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the 13 species within Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was undertaken. Analyses performed included Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood as well as imposing a molecular clock. Results The molecular phylogeny showed strong support for 11 of the 13 morphological species. The remaining two species, S. (P.) glentoni and S. (P.) hippocrates, formed a complex and could not be assigned specific status on the basis of the COI gene phylogeny. Strong support for the three species formerly classified within the genus Neopachysoma was consistently obtained. The subgenus appears to have arisen c. 2.9 Ma. Species within the subgenus arose at different times, with the common ancestor to Neopachysoma and the hippocrates complex having evolved 2.65 and 2.4 Ma, respectively. Scarabaeus (P.) denticollis, S. (P.) rotundigenus, S. (P.) rodriguesi and S. (P.) schinzi are some of the youngest species, having diverged between 2 million and 600,000 years ago. Main conclusions Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) is a derived monophyletic clade within the Scarabaeini. The subgenus appears to be young in comparison with the age of the Namib Desert, which dates back to the Miocene (c. 15 Ma). The psammophilous taxa are shown to disperse with their substratum and habitat, barchan dunes. Clear south/north evolutionary gradients can be seen within the species of this subgenus, which are consistent with the unidirectional wind regime. Species with a suite of mostly plesiomorphic characters have a southerly distribution while their derived psammophilous relatives have central to northern Namib distributions. Major rivers such as the Orange, Buffels and Holgat appear to be gene barriers to certain species as well as areas of origin of speciation events. },
	keywords = {Aptery, biogeography, COLEOPTERA, cytochrome oxidase I, endemic, mitochondrial DNA, namib desert, phylogeny, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeus (Pachysoma).},
	author = {Sole, Catherine L. and Scholtz, Clarke H. and Bastos, Armanda D. S.}
}
