@article {2355,
	title = {Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {122},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {880VOBIOL CONSERV},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {351-359},
	abstract = {Competition and compatibility between livestock and wildlife in Africa has been a point of considerable speculation, with implications for conservation. However, controlled replicated experiments are lacking. Here we report on the results of a long-term exclosure experiment in Laikipia, Kenya, in which different guilds of large mammalian herbivores have been independently manipulated since 1995. In plots from which cattle were excluded, the density of zebra dung in 2000 was on average 46\% greater than in control plots. This was due to differential zebra use, and not to differential rates of dung removal (by dung beetles or other factors). Vegetation data indicate that cattle fully compensate for the absence of wildlife; all plots accessible to cattle had similarly low grass cover. However. wildlife do not fully compensate for the absence of cattle; plots with only wildlife had more grass cover than plots accessible to cattle. Zebra dung density was strongly correlated with total grass cover, suggesting that zebras are effectively tracking resource abundance. There is also evidence of pair-wise competition between cattle and elephants, and between elephants and zebras. The strong competition between cattle and zebras appears to be mitigated by the presence of elephants. A significant cattle x elephant interaction on the abundance of zebra dung indicates that elephants reduce the negative effects of cattle on zebras. In the presence of cattle. elephants facilitate the abundance of zebra, apparently by suppressing resource extraction (bite rates) by cattle. The precise mechanism for this indirect facilitation is not clear, but it may be related to the demonstrated reduction in forb cover associated with elephant presence. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000225818100017},
	author = {Young, T. P. and Palmer, T. A. and Gadd, M. E.}
}
@article {2356,
	title = {Long-Term Glades in Acacia Bushland and Their Edge Effects in Laikipia, Kenya},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      AGNEW ADQ, 1974, UPLAND KENYA WILDFLO     AHN PM, 1987, KENYA SOIL SURVEY SO     ALVERSON WS, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P348     ANDREW MH, 1988, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V3, P336     BAKKER JP, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P153     BELSKY AJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P77     BELSKY AJ, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P141     BLACKMORE AC, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P463     BROWER JE, 1990, FIELD LABORATORY MET     CHEN JQ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P387     COE MJ, 1991, FIELD GUIDE ACACIAS     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P1     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P10     COUGHENOUR MB, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P383     DALE IR, 1951, KENYA TREES SHRUBS     DAY TA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P180     DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147     ESTES R, 1991, BEHAVIOR GUIDE AFRIC     GEORGIADIS NJ, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P623     GORDON LJ, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P270     HATTON JC, 1984, AFR J ECOL, V22, P23     HERREN U, 1987, 9 U BERNE I GEOGR LA     HOLLAND EA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1040     HUNTLY N, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V22, P477     IBRAHIM K, 1989, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL G     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P1     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P9     MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P863     MELTZER MI, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P635     MWASYA J, 1994, IN PRESS J E AFRICAN     OCONNOR TG, 1985, S AFRICAN NATL SCI P, V114, P1     ODINGA RS, 1971, KENYA HIGHLANDS LAND     POLHILL RM, 1989, FLORA TROPICAL E AFR     PRINS HHT, 1992, ENVIRON CONSERV, V19, P117     REICHMAN OJ, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1281     RUESS RW, 1987, OIKOS, V49, P101     SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT     SEAGLE SW, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1105     STELFOX JB, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P41     STUARTHILL GC, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P699     TAITI SW, 1992, B2 U NAIR BERN LAIK     VESEYFITZGERALD DF, 1969, E AFR WILDL J, V7, P131     WESTERN D, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P75     WILLIAMSLINERA G, 1990, J ECOL, V78, P356     WILLMS WD, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P503EnglishArticleQK276ECOL APPL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {97-108},
	abstract = {Throughout the Laikipia ecosystem in Kenya, isolated glades occur within acacia bushland and woodland communities. These glades are at least several decades old. They are reported to be old settlement sites of traditional pastoralists no longer present, and their size, location, and orientation are consistent with the settlement sites of related pastoralists studied elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to document the effects of these glades at the local and landscape levels. Working in central Laikipia, we documented differences in vegetation, animal use, and soils at four of these glades, and at increasing distances from glade edges. Four {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}glade specialists{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dominated the plant communities within glades, and were very rare outside of glades. Pennisetum stramineum, one of six glade edge species, formed a ring of dense tall grass around most glade edges. The transition to acacia bushland at the glade edges was not always abrupt (depending on the trait considered), resulting in edge effects that differed in depth and sharpness. Edge depth, defined as the distance required to attain two-thirds of background levels for a trait, ranged from 0 to 200 m. Understory plant species richness and diversity were lowest inside glades, and gradually increased with distance from glades. However, because glades supported species not found elsewhere, the presence of glades increased overall species diversity. The density of wild and domestic large mammal dung was up to 10 times greater inside the glades, and declined with distance from glade edges. Similarly, soil nitrogen, potassium, carbon, calcium, and sodium were greatest inside glades. Soil phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese were not elevated inside glades or within 100 m of glades, but instead were much more abundant in background samples. These glades may be maintained by high densities of large mammals, either through herbivory or through changes in soil chemistry. Glades may be attractive to mammals because of the high quality of food there, or as part of an anti-predator strategy. The result is a relatively permanent community mosaic that increases ecosystem heterogeneity and resource use by domestic and wild animals. The spatial nature of this heterogeneity differs among species, depending on their distributions relative to the glades.},
	keywords = {acacia, american grassland, cattle enclosures, community mosaic, depth, dung counts, edge, elephants, grazing lawns, kenya, laikipia, large, mammals, north-, patch dynamics, plant-herbivore interactions, simulate, small-scale heterogeneity, soil chemistry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QK27600013},
	author = {Young, T. P. and Patridge, N. and Macrae, A.}
}
