@article {1479,
	title = {Geographical Distribution of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Their Seasonal Activity in Southwestern Cape Province South Africa},
	journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {275-285},
	abstract = {A total of 30 species of dung beetles was recorded in indigenous shrubland near Langebaan and a pasture of Kikuyu grass near Paarl over a period of 13 months. These species were divided into 2 groups according to their distribution between the rainfall regions of southern Africa. Group 1, which was numerically dominant at Langebaan, was largely endemic to the winter and bimodal rainfall regions and was principally active during the winter rainy season in the south-western Cape. Group 2, which was numerically dominant at Paarl, was widespread in the winter, bimodal and summer rainfall regions and was principally active during the summer dry season and beginning of the rainy season in the south-western Cape. The potential of these beetles as control agents of the dung-breeding bush fly in south-western Australia is discussed.},
	keywords = {30 species bush fly rainfall biological control agent, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1855,
	title = {The effect of the dung pad fauna on the emergence of Musca tempestiva (Dipt.: Muscidae) from dung pads in southern France},
	journal = {Entomophaga},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Article-English disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {507-514},
	abstract = {The emergence of Musca tempestiva Fallen, from cow pads in southern France was reduced by a mean of 98\% and 96\% respectively in nine experiments concluded in 1979 and 1981, by the action of the complete dung fauna. Fauna emerging from dung pads and captured in simultaneous trapping using dung baited pitfall traps consisted of 13 Dipterous species (9 Muscidae, 2-Sepsidae and 2 Sphaeroceridae), 25-Coleopterous species (7 Scarabaeidae, 1 Geotrupidae, 2 Aphodiidae, 3 Hydrophilidae, 12 Staphylinidae), 3 Hymenopterous parasites and 1 species of macrochelid and 2 species of parasitoid mites carried phoretically by the dung beetles. The total number of insects and mites per trap was usually small. The Staphylinidae which included 4 Aleochara species of which Aleochara tristits Gravenhorst and A. bipustulata (L.) are known parasitoids of Diptera pupae, and 6 predatory species, were the most abundant insects present. Whilst the overall abundance of insects and mites trapped was relatively low it is probable that the most important factor in the control of M. tempestiva was the combined influence of the different elements making up the dung pad fauna.},
	keywords = {Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Invertebrata-, Parasitology-, Physiology-},
	author = {Kirk, A. A.}
}
@article {1962,
	title = {Dung as an Insect Food Source Dung Beetles as Competitors of Other Coprophagous Fauna and as Targets for Predators},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {1975},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing(Recd 1976)Article},
	pages = {821-827},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Isoptera-:},
	author = {Macqueen, A.}
}
@article {1644,
	title = {Biological control of horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans) in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State: 6. Population dynamics of fimicolous insects except for coprophagous Scarabaeidae},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {hard copy in portuguese disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {287-296},
	abstract = {Fimiculous insects associated with Guzera cattle were obtained by weekly dissection of dung pats of varying age, from January 1991 to January 1992, in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The main insect groups found were in the families Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera (mostly ants) and Isoptera. Histerid populations were greater on dung pats from the rainy season, while Staphylinidae and Hymenoptera and Isoptera were more frequenton dung pats during the dry season. Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera werefound mostly in older droppings, except for the oldest ones, where Isoptera were typically found.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Diptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Inver, Invertebrata-, Pathology-, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Gaspareto, Celso Luiz}
}
@article {2040,
	title = {The Biology of Cephalodesmius a Genus of Dung Beetles Which Synthesizes Dung from Plant Material Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae},
	journal = {Memoirs of the Queensland Museum},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {253-278},
	abstract = {The complex and aberrant biology of the endemic, Australian dung beetle genus, Cephalodesmius, is described from a detailed study of C. armiger and supporting observations on the other 2 spp. of the genus, C. laticollis and C. quadridens. Permanently bonded pairs occupy fixed, subterranean nests in the rainforest floor during their year-long lifespan. Males forage outside the nest for leaves and other plant materials which are processed and cultured by the female into a malleable, dung-like material which is used to construct small brood balls containing larvae. During larval growth the parent beetles cooperate in progressive provisioning of the larval brood balls, a complexity unknown elsewhere in the dung beetles and probably unique in the Coleoptera. Audible stridulation is recorded for the 1st time in larval Scarabaeidae, and a new mechanism of sound production described in which the tip of the abdomen is rubbed against the underside of the head. Stridulation is interpreted as communication between larva and adult. The brood nests of Cephalodesmius are inhabited by a suite of 8 other insects and mites [Macrocheles tenuirostris, Hunteracarus womersleyi, Histiostoma sp., Caloglyphus sp., Sinella sp., Anotylus sp. nov., Oxytellus sp. and Leptocera myrmecophila] which enter into a variety of trophic and phoretic relationships with the beetles. The evolutionary significance of the behavior of Cephalodesmius is discussed.},
	keywords = {Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Collembola-: Insecta-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Invertebrata-, Plantae-},
	author = {Monteith, G. B. and Storey, R. I.}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Invasion of Mexico by two dung beetles previously introduced into the United States},
	journal = {Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {37-45},
	abstract = {Following the Australian CSIRO strategies, the United States Department of Agriculture introduced several dung beetle species as a biological control to decrease the dung accumulation and proliferation of different pest fly species therein. Of these, two species have been very successful: Digitonthophagus gazella and Euoniticellus intermedius. They have expanded from their release sites in the United States, and quickly invaded Mexican territory and dispersed rapidly. Here we report on 27 new capture sites in several Mexican states from 1994 to 1996 and discuss invasion routes as well as ecological conditions.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digitonthophagus-gazella (Coleoptera-): Scaraca, Diptera-: Insecta-, Economic-Entomology, flies- (Diptera-): pest-, Invertebrata-, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management},
	author = {Montes de Oca, Enrique and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {2154,
	title = {The Role of Dung Beetles in Nature and in the Economy},
	journal = {Przeglad Zoologiczny},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing(Recd. 1981)ArticlePolish},
	pages = {431-438},
	abstract = {The influence of dung beetles on environment is studied. The acceleration of organic matter circulation as a result of burying the dung into the soil by the beetles is of principal importance. The mechanical effects of beetles activity in the soil is also beneficial. The dung beetles are a very important factor in controlling coprophagic fly populations. The practical utilization of dung beetles to control dung pollution in Australia is discussed.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, coprophagic fly biological control soil effect dung pollution australia, Diptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Rojewski, C.}
}
@article {2209,
	title = {Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the diptera},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingLiterature ReviewEnglish},
	pages = {179-197},
	abstract = {Spiders, dung-feeding scarabs, social, and prey-storing insects provide predictable and concentrated sources of food for a variety of thief flies (kleptoparasites) and their larvae. Whenever waiting in the vicinity of the "host" for an opportunity to exploit its resources is more energy efficient and less dangerous than foraging among hosts, a number of intimate relationships between the fly and host may evolve. In extreme cases, flies may become long-term phoretic associates that travel with hosts even while the latter is in flight. The behaviors and ecologies of kleptoparasitic Diptera are reviewed with special attention paid to the adaptations of Sphaeroceridae phoretic upon Scarabaeidae. The mating systems of kleptoparasitic flies are influenced by the type of resource that is stolen; flies associated with predators are mostly female, while those found on scarabs are of both sexes. These differences are discussed in terms of mate location, sperm competition, and mate choice.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Diptera- (Diptera-), Diptera-: Insecta-, Environmental-Sciences), Evolution-and-Adaptation, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, kleptoparasitism-, m, mate-choice, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Sivinski, John and Marshall, Steve and Petersson, Erik}
}
