@article {1817,
	title = {Maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {936-941},
	abstract = {Parents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, body-size, brood-mass, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Evolution-and-Adaptation, horn-: size-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-p, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W.}
}
@article {1921,
	title = {Species diversity and composition of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) assemblages in North America},
	journal = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {132},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {307-321},
	abstract = {Data from 18 studies carried out on dung beetles from temperate North America (north of 25degree latitude) are compared to verify the existence of some geographical pattern in the variation of three parameters: (1) species number, (2) taxonomic composition, and (3) number of introduced species. Southern localities are characterized by a larger number of species and a significantly higher number of scarabaeine species than northern localities (only southern communities located inside the Chihuahuan desert do not conform to this pattern). To explain the latitudinal pattern in faunistic composition and number of species, historical factors are postulated. Foreign species of the tribe Aphodiini seem to be more frequent in the northern localities where more aphodiine native species occur. In contrast, foreign species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are not more frequent in the southern localities with a greater number of native scarabaeine species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the more diverse assemblages of native dung beetle are more resistant to invasion by foreign species.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, biological-invasions, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetles (Coleoptera-), Insects-, introduced-species, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, North-America (Nearctic-region), species-diversity, taxonom},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
