@article {1463,
	title = {Reproduction and survival of the dung beetle Onthophagus binodis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) exposed to abamectin and doramectin residues in cattle dung},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	note = {digital copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1116-1122},
	abstract = {Two groups of 50 heifers were given a subcutaneous injection of either abamectin (Avomec) or doramectin (Dectomax) at a dose rate of 200 mug/kg live weight. A third group of 50 heifers remained untreated. Dung samples were collected on 1, 3, 6, 9, 18, 24, 34, and 42 d after injection, and excreted residues were bioassayed using the dung beetle Onthophagus binodis Thunberg. Fewer newly emerged adults of O. binodis survived exposure to dung from cattle treated 3 and 6 d previously with abamectin or 9 d previously with doramectin than from dung of untreated cattle. Both compounds induced a range of sublethal effects on O. binodis. Abamectin residues excreted in dung up to 42 d after injection had a deleterious impact on ovarian condition, brood mass (egg) production, and lan al survival. Doramectin residues only had a deleterious effect on these parameters at 3 and 6 d after injection relative to dung from control cattle. Analysis of the dung collected at each date after injection indicated that moisture content, pH, and percent nitrogen were not different from other physicochemical profiles conducted on cattle dung. Doramectin residues attained maximal concentrations of 101.1 mug/kg 3 d after injection followed by a linear decline with an elimination half-life estimate of 15 d. The bioassay data indicated that doramectin concentrations of <60 <mu>g/kg have minimal impact on the mortality and reproductive potential of O. binodis and that deleterious effects to this species will be evident for only 1-2 wk after administration of the drug to cattle. The potential ecotoxic effects of these compounds are discussed in terms of dung beetle activity and strategies for parasite control of cattle in the Australian environment.},
	keywords = {ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN, avermectin, AVERMECTIN RESIDUES, burial, doramectin, dung beetle, ecotoxicity, FAUNA dung beetle, FIELD, HORSES, impact, insects, PHARMACOKINETICS, TREATING CATTLE},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000166389300004 },
	author = {Dadour, I. R. and Cook, D. F. and Hennessy, D.}
}
@article {1827,
	title = {Impacto ambiental de la ivermectina eliminada por bovinos tratados en otono, sobre la coprofauna y la degradacion de la materia fecal en pasturas (Tandil, Argentina)},
	journal = {Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {83-103},
	abstract = {A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of the ivermectin eliminated in the feces of treated calves on the coprofaune and on the physical degradation of dung pats naturally deposited during the autumn in the Tandil zone. Two experimental groups, located in different paddocks, were used. One group was treated subcutaneously with ivermectin (0,2 mg.kg) and the other remained as control group. The spot where feces were naturally evacuated in day 1,3,7,14, and 21 post treatment (dpt) was clearly identify. Fecal pats of each group were sampled at 1,3,7,14,21,30 and 60 days post deposition (dpd). The ivermectin concentration and organic matter percentage were determined and the arthropods present were collected. All the fecal samples of the treated calves presented drug, being samples on 1 and 3 dpt samples those with the higher concentration and higher organic matter content (p<0.05) for the whole experimental period too. Abundance and diversity of arthropods was reduced in samples from treated group (p<0.05). This effect was marked when comparing adults and larvae of nematocera and braquicera diptera and gamasida, actinedida and acaridida acari. Other groups of organisms showed reduced parameters without statistical significance. Also, the highest reductions in abundance and diversity were obtained in fecal samples of treated group at 1, 3 and 7 dpt in agreement with the highest concentration of ivermectin and the highest organic matter percentage. Consistently, the ivermectin eliminatedby cattle treated in autumn affect the faecal natural colonization of dung and delays the faecal degradation in the environment. },
	keywords = {Argentina, cattle dung, coprofile arthropods, ecotoxicity, IVERMECTIN},
	isbn = {0325-8718 print 1669-231},
	author = {Iglesias, L. E. and Saumell, C. A. and Fuse, L. A. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Rodriguez, E. M. and Steffan, P. E. and Fiel, C. A.}
}
@article {1894,
	title = {Changes in the structure of dung insect communities after ivermectin usage in a grasslansd  ecosystem. II. Impact of ivermectin under high-rainfall conditions},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {19},
	number = {5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {439-451},
	keywords = {avermectin, dung beetle, ecotoxicity, longer-term study, non-target organisms},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
