00666nas a2200133   4500008004100000245018700041210006900228300001400297490000700311100002500318700002400343700002700367856013800394       2001                        eng d00aCladistic, phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightless dung beetle genus, Gyronotus van Lansberge (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), in threatened eastern Afrotropical forests0 aCladistic phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightles  a1607-16250 v351 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/cladistic-phenetic-and-biogeographical-analysis-flightless-dung-beetle-genus-gyronotus-van-lansberge02147nas a2200265   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165300001000234490000700244520128800251653001101539653001201550653001701562653001101579653001701590653001401607653001401621653001601635653001701651653001501668653001401683100002701697700001901724856013801743       2003                        eng d00aPhylogeny of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma MacLeay) stat. nov., and related flightless Scarabaeini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogeny of Scarabaeus Pachysoma MacLeay stat nov and related f  a47-710 v403 aThemonophylyofPachysomaMacLeayisassessedviacladisticanalysis,basedonsixty-fouradultcharactersfrom thirty-seventaxacomprisingall currentlyandpreviously recognizedgenerainScarabaeini, except Madateuchus Paulian.PachysomacomprisesamonophyleticcladeofderivedspeciesofScarabaeusandNeopachysomaFerreira isthesisterlineageofPachysomasensustricto.Scarabaeus(Pachysoma)stat. nov. isconsideredasubgenusof ScarabaeusLinnaeuswhileNeopachysomaFerreiraismaintainedasasynonymof Pachysomasensulato. NeomnematiumJanssenstogether withMnematiumMacLeayispolyphyletic, whilethelatter isparaphyletic. MnematiumMacLeayandNeomnematiumJanssensaremaintainedassynonymsofScarabaeus,andtheirspecies includedinsubgeneraScarabaeus(Scarabaeus) andScarabaeus(Scarabaeolus).DrepanopodusJanssens, KheperJanssensandSceliagesWestwood,asderivedcladesofScarabaeus,couldalsoberecognizedassubgen- eratomaintainamonophyleticScarabaeus,but aremaintainedasgenerapendingfurther work. Aridificationof theNamibDesertispostulatedtohaveinitiatedtheevolutionofScarabaeus(Pachysoma),whichfeedondrydungor detritusandarederivedfromaball-rollingandwet-dung-feedingScarabaeus-likeancestor. Theevolutionof flightlessnessandfoodrelocationstrategy,biogeography,andadditionaldistributionalandbiologicalinformationare presented for the group. 10aAptery10aBiology10aDrepanopodus10aKheper10aPachylomerus10aPachysoma10aphylogeny10aPsammophily10aScarabaeolus10aScarabaeus10aSceliages1 aHarrison, James, du G.1 aPhilips, Keith  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogeny-scarabaeus-pachysoma-macleay-stat-nov-and-related-flightless-scarabaeini-scarabaeidae-scar02112nas a2200229   4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520128500279653001701564653001501581653001601596653001701612653001701629653001101646653000801657100002401665700002701689700002801716856013801744       2004                        eng d00aDung beetle (Scarabaeus (Pachysoma)) biology and immature stages: reversal to ancestral states under deset conditions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?0 aDung beetle Scarabaeus Pachysoma biology and immature stages rev  a453-4600 v833 aThe unique feeding biology of the unusual flightless Namib Desert dung beetle species belonging to Scarabaeus ( Pachysoma ) MacLeay (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) has been studied in the past but in this report we document breeding biology, larval feeding and immature morphology for the first time. Females provision burrows with frag- ments of dry herbivore dung and detritus, in which the larvae develop and on which they feed. This is a novel devi- ation, and a probable reversal to the ancestral state, from the obligatory brood ball constructed from wet dung in which scarab larvae usually develop. The free-living larvae and pupae have several unique attributes that distin- guish them from relatives that develop within the confines of a brood ball and provide additional support for mono- phyly of the group. Many of these also appear as reversals to a probable ancestral condition. Unique larval characters include a left mandible with two teeth, the absence of a ‘coprine’ hump, small spiracles, and two- or indistinctly three- segmented antennae. Those unique to the pupa are the presence of peculiar prothoracic projections, the absence of lateral tergal supporting projections on the abdomen, and the perpendicular elytra and wings relative to the median bodyline.10aBall-rollers10aflightless10afree-living10amonophyletic10anamib desert10aunique10a–1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-scarabaeus-pachysoma-biology-and-immature-stages-reversal-ancestral-states-under-deset-c