02227nas a2200313   4500008004100000245005700041210005700098300001200155490000700167520136800174653001501542653001501557653001201572653001701584653001601601653002501617653001501642653001601657100002501673700001601698700001801714700001301732700001701745700001901762700001901781700001501800700001401815856008401829       1993                        eng d00aField effects of ivermectin residues on dung beetles0 aField effects of ivermectin residues on dung beetles  a428-4360 v303 a1. The effects and the persistence of a single injection of ivermectin (lvomecR) to steers, at the recommended dose rate of 200 yg kg-' body weight, were studied in spring field experiments (Spanish conditions). 2. Elimination of ivermectin by cattle (faecal route) was rapid (12 days), with a peak in day 5. The persistence of ivermectin in dropped dung was low under field conditions (<6 days). 3. The drug itself did not increase attraction of beetles to dung. The attraction of beetles to dung from treated animals increased after day 5 until day 17, beyond the time when ivermectin was available. The hypothesis made was that ivermectin modified the gut flora of treated cattle after the peak of elimination. Watering of pats did not influence results. 4. Ivermectin concentration in dung dropped on days 1and 10 post-treatment in- hibited the development of larvae of the dung-dwelling Diptera Neomyia cornicina. At the former concentration, it inhibited the development of the dung beetle Euoniticellus fulvus whereas, for the latter, a slight delay in development was observed. 5. The consequences of routine treatment of cattle with ivermectin on non-target organisms are discussed. The risks for the environment are different according to insect groups and countries, mainly due to differences in conditions of temperature and degradation of ivermectin.10aattraction10aCOLEOPTERA10adiptera10aDung beetles10aelimination10aenvironmental risks.10aIVERMECTIN10apersistence1 aLumaret, Jean-Pierre1 aGalante, E.1 aLumbreras, C.1 aMena, J.1 aBertrand, M.1 aBernal, J., L.1 aCooper, J., F.1 aKadiri, N.1 aCrowe, D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/field-effects-ivermectin-residues-dung-beetles03154nas a2200229   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001200221490000700233520238800240653001502628653001502643653000902658653001702667653002002684653001502704653001502719653002302734653001702757100001902774856013102793       2007                        eng d00aEndectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treated cattle: implications for toxicity tests0 aEndectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treat  a312-3220 v213 aA 3-year study was performed in southern Alberta, Canada to assess the ef- fect of endectocide residues on the attractiveness of cattle dung to colonizing insects. In 2003 and 2004, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and paired traps baited with dung of cattle that had been treated 7 days previously with topically applied doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin or moxidectin. Faecal residues associated with each compound affected insect captures in both spring and autumn of each year. Effects were detected ( P  < 0.05) for a total of 94 cases  representing 27 insect taxa from 13 families in three orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera). Two-fold differences in captures were common. Up to six-fold differ- ences were observed. Eleven cases of attraction and 11 cases of repellency were associ- ated with residues of doramectin. Eprinomectin tended to repel insects, with decreased captures for 19 of 29 cases of effect. Ivermectin showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 25 cases. Moxidectin also showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 18 cases. Comparisons between compounds suggested that results for doramectin best predicted results for eprinomectin and vice versa. In 2005, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and traps baited with dung from cattle treated 3, 7 or 14 days previously with topically applied doramectin. Effects were detected in 14 cases plus one case of near significance ( P  = 0.053). Significant differences between control vs. days 3, 7 and/or 14 dung were detected in nine cases. Residues enhanced captures in seven of these cases. Day 14 dung affected captures in six of these cases. This study shows that endec- tocide residues can affect the number of insects attracted to colonize and oviposit in dung. Hence, the emergence of their offspring from field-colonized dung of untreated vs. endectocide-treated cattle should not be used as a measure of residue toxicity per se, but rather as a measure of  ‘ insect activity ’ . Insect activity is a composite measure of residue toxicity, the number and species composition of insect colonists, and the mortal- ity factors (e.g. predation, parasitism, competition) associated with the co-occurrence of these species in the dung pat.10aattraction10adoramectin10aDung10aeprinomectin10afaecal residues10aIVERMECTIN10amoxidectin10anon-target effects10aScarabaeidae1 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/endectocide-residues-affect-insect-attraction-dung-treated-cattle-implications-toxicity-tests