02993nas a2200229   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001400215490000700229520220500236653001702441653002202458653001902480653001502499653001802514653002402532100002002556700001802576700002102594700002202615856012602637       2007                        eng d00aComparative phylogeography and speciation of dung beetles from the Australian Wet Tropics rainforest0 aComparative phylogeography and speciation of dung beetles from t  a4984-49980 v163 aIn tropical rainforests, insects show especially high species richness and local endemism of species relative to vertebrates. One possible cause is that insects respond to historical fluctuations of rainforests on a smaller spatial scale than do vertebrates. To evaluate this hypothesis, we combine environmental niche models and mitochondrial DNA phylo- geography for two pairs of sister species of the dung beetle genus Temnoplectron  (T. aene- opiceum–T. subvolitans and T. politulum–T. reyi) from the rainforests of northeastern Australia, where climate-driven rainforest fluctuations in the Quaternary have strongly influenced genetic and species diversity of vertebrates. Within both species pairs, the bio- climatic niche was conserved, but the T. aeneopiceum–T. subvolitans species pair had the narrower environmental range, and thus more restricted potential distribution. Coalescent analyses indicated Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene divergences for both species pairs, and earlier speciation in (T. aeneopiceum–T. subvolitans) than in (T. politulum–T. reyi). Phylogeographic structure in (T. aeneopiceum–T. subvolitans) was more pronounced than in (T. politulum–T. reyi), with significant isolation-by-distance in the former species-pair only. Nested clade and coalescence analyses indicated local range expansions for the T. aeneopiceum–subvolitans species pair and range-wide expansion for both T. politulum and T. reyi. We suggest that stronger phylogeographic structure and earlier divergence in (T. aeneopiceum–T. subvolitans) than in (T. politulum–T. reyi) reflects a stronger influence of environmental barriers to gene flow under the present climate and greater sensitivity to warmer and drier periods of the Quaternary. The two species pairs evidently responded to Quaternary rainforest fluctuations at spatial scales similar to those seen within low-vagility species of vertebrate. Despite this similarity of scale, these insect lineages are reproduc- tively isolated at parapatric boundaries, whereas analogous lineages of vertebrates often are not. We suggest that rapid evolution of genitalia may facilitate geographic speciation in rainforest beetles. 10aDung beetles10amitochondrial DNA10aphylogeography10aspeciation10aTemnoplectron10atropical rainforest1 aBell, Karen, L.1 aMoritz, Craig1 aMoussalli, Adnan1 aYeates, David, K.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/comparative-phylogeography-and-speciation-dung-beetles-australian-wet-tropics-rainforest00930nas a2200241   4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300001400271490000700285653003000292653002200322653001900344653001700363653002500380653001600405653001600421100002200437700002000459700002400479700002600503700002100529856013800550       2004                        eng d00aBiogeographical patterns of genetic differentiation in dung beetles of the genus Trypocopris (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) inferred from mtDNA and AFLP analyses0 aBiogeographical patterns of genetic differentiation in dung beet  a1149-11620 v3110aamplified fragment length10amitochondrial DNA10aphylogeography10apolymorphism10apopulation structure10asubspecies.10aTrypocopris1 aCarisio, Loredana1 aCervella, Piero1 aPalestrini, Claudia1 aDelPero, Massimiliano1 aRolando, Antonio  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biogeographical-patterns-genetic-differentiation-dung-beetles-genus-trypocopris-coleoptera-geotrupid02416nas a2200193   4500008004100000245006600041210006600107300001200173490000700185520179700192653001401989653001302003653001402016653002802030653002202058653003302080100001502113856009402128       2001                        eng d00aSpatial population structure in a patchily distributed beetle0 aSpatial population structure in a patchily distributed beetle  a823-8370 v103 aThe dynamics and evolution of populations will critically depend on their spatial structure.Hence, a recent emphasis on one particular type of structure—the metapopulation conceptof Levins—can only be justified by empirical assessment of spatial population structuresin a wide range of organisms. This paper focuses onAphodius fossor, a dung beetle specializedon cattle pastures. An agricultural database was used to locate nearly 50 000 localpopulationsofA. fossorin Finland. Several independent methods were then used to quantify key processesin this vast population system.Allozyme markers and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)sequences were applied to examine genetic differentiation of local populations and to deriveindirect estimates of gene flow. These estimates were compared to values expected on thebasis of direct observations of dispersing individuals and assessments of local effectivepopulation size. Molecular markers revealed striking genetic homogeneity inA. fossor.Differentiation was only evident in mtDNA haplotype frequencies between the isolatedÅland islands and the Finnish mainland. Thus, indirect estimates of gene flow agreed withdirect observations that local effective population size inA. fossoris large (hundreds ofindividuals), and that in each generation, a substantial fraction (approximately one-fifth) ofthe individuals move between populations. Large local population size, extreme haplotypediversity and a high regional incidence ofA. fossorall testify against recurrent populationturnover. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that the whole mainlandpopulation ofA. fossoris better described as one large ‘patchy population’, with substantialmovement between relatively persistent local populations, than as a classical metapopulation.10aallozymes10aaphodius10agene flow10agenetic differentiation10amitochondrial DNA10aspatial population structure1 aRoslin, T.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/spatial-population-structure-patchily-distributed-beetle03102nas a2200265   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001000220490000700230520221500237653001102452653001702463653001502480653002502495653001202520653002202532653001702554653001402571653001702585653002802602100002402630700002402654700002702678856013102705       2005                        eng d00aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus Pachy  a75-840 v323 aAim Namib biogeography in many instances remains reliant on advanced and detailed systematic studies. This study attempts to combine molecular phylogenetic data, geology and palaeo-climatic data to (i) resolve the relationships of the 13 morphological species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) and (ii) relate their evolution to past climatic and geological events. Location South Africa and Namibia. Methods Sequencing of a 1197 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the 13 species within Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was undertaken. Analyses performed included Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood as well as imposing a molecular clock. Results The molecular phylogeny showed strong support for 11 of the 13 morphological species. The remaining two species, S. (P.) glentoni and S. (P.) hippocrates, formed a complex and could not be assigned specific status on the basis of the COI gene phylogeny. Strong support for the three species formerly classified within the genus Neopachysoma was consistently obtained. The subgenus appears to have arisen c. 2.9 Ma. Species within the subgenus arose at different times, with the common ancestor to Neopachysoma and the hippocrates complex having evolved 2.65 and 2.4 Ma, respectively. Scarabaeus (P.) denticollis, S. (P.) rotundigenus, S. (P.) rodriguesi and S. (P.) schinzi are some of the youngest species, having diverged between 2 million and 600,000 years ago. Main conclusions Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) is a derived monophyletic clade within the Scarabaeini. The subgenus appears to be young in comparison with the age of the Namib Desert, which dates back to the Miocene (c. 15 Ma). The psammophilous taxa are shown to disperse with their substratum and habitat, barchan dunes. Clear south/north evolutionary gradients can be seen within the species of this subgenus, which are consistent with the unidirectional wind regime. Species with a suite of mostly plesiomorphic characters have a southerly distribution while their derived psammophilous relatives have central to northern Namib distributions. Major rivers such as the Orange, Buffels and Holgat appear to be gene barriers to certain species as well as areas of origin of speciation events. 10aAptery10abiogeography10aCOLEOPTERA10acytochrome oxidase I10aendemic10amitochondrial DNA10anamib desert10aphylogeny10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeus (Pachysoma).1 aSole, Catherine, L.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aBastos, Armanda, D. S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogeography-namib-desert-dung-beetles-scarabaeus-pachysoma-macleay-coleoptera-scarabaeidae