02469nas a2200217   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000700218520171600225653001301941653002101954653003001975653001902005653001902024100002402043700002002067700001902087700002202106856012302128       2007                        eng d00aHunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: a synthesis and future directions0 aHunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests a synth  a385-3920 v393 aThis synthesis builds on the preceding articles of this Special Section and has three goals. We first review the nascent literature that addresses indirect effects of hunting for tropical forest plant communities. Next, we highlight the potential indirect effects of hunting for other groups of organisms. Our final goal is to consider what could be done to ameliorate the demographic threats to harvest-sensitive game species caused by unsustainable hunting. Three conclusions are possible at this time concerning the impact of hunting for tropical forest plant communities: (1) Hunting tends to reduce seed movement for animal-dispersed species with very large diaspores; (2) Hunting reduces seed predation by granivorous vertebrates for species with large seeds; and (3) Hunting alters the species composition of the seedling and sapling layers. The cascading effects of hunting are already known to affect bruchid beetles and dung beetles and are likely to affect other, nongame taxa. To ameliorate these problems, several lines of research should be further explored to facilitate the development of game management plans including: (1) alternative use of sources of animal protein; (2) income supplementation for local people from sources other than wild meat; (3) outreach and extension activities for communities; (4) recognition and facilitation of the shifting of attitudes towards hunting; (5) implementation of community-based wildlife management programs in regulated-use areas such as extractive reserves; and (6) landscape-scale conservation planning that maximizes the source-sink dynamics of harvested and unharvested game populations and enforces game regulations in strictly protected areas. 10abushmeat10amanagement plans10aplant community structure10aseed dispersal10aseed predation1 aStoner, Kathryn, E.1 aVulinec, Kevina1 aWright, Joseph1 aPeres, Carlos, A.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/hunting-and-plant-community-dynamics-tropical-forests-synthesis-and-future-directions00513nas a2200109   4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001200227490000700239100002000246856013700266       1993                        eng d00aA southern range extension for the introduced dung beetle Onthophagus taurus Schreber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 asouthern range extension for the introduced dung beetle Onthopha  a129-1300 v471 aVulinec, Kevina  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/southern-range-extension-introduced-dung-beetle-onthophagus-taurus-schreber-coleoptera-scarabaeidae01934nas a2200277   4500008004100000245004700041210004600088300001200134490000700146520111000153653001401263653001301277653001601290653001601306653001401322653002601336653003001362653003801392653001301430653006501443653001801508653001701526653001601543100002001559856007701579       1997                        eng d00aIridescent dung beetles: A different angle0 aIridescent dung beetles A different angle  a132-1410 v803 aIridescence, in both the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectra, is produced by various means and may serve several functions in different animals. In insects, such colors are often considered as anti-predator adaptations, either crypsis or aposematism, or a means of thermoregulation. A less explored alternative is social signaling. Iridescent colors are particularly useful in this context because they are brightest from certain directions and body orientation could be employed to direct a visual signal to particular receivers. In phanaeine dung beetles the head and prothoracic shield reflect a visible-light and UV iridescence that is best seen from a position facing the insect. The less iridescent male horn is silhouetted against the prothoracic shield. Since, horn size is indicative of male size, such a display may be directed to sexual competitors in agonistic interactions. Broad and reflective prothoracic surfaces on males might also be preferred by females choosing a mate, who will cooperate in future brood care, since they would make infestations of kleptoparasitic flies more obvious.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aBehavior-10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10adung-beetle (Coleoptera-)10aEcology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aInsects-10aIntegumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis)10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrate10amorphology-1 aVulinec, Kevina  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/iridescent-dung-beetles-different-angle00681nas a2200181   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000700218653004400225653001600269653002300285653001700308653001200325653001900337100002000356856012300376       2002                        eng d00aDung beetle communities and seed dispersal in primary forest and disturbed land in Amazonia0 aDung beetle communities and seed dispersal in primary forest and  a297-3090 v3410aamazonia (biological conservation 2007)10adung beetle10aecosystem services10amodification10amonkeys10aseed dispersal1 aVulinec, Kevina  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-communities-and-seed-dispersal-primary-forest-and-disturbed-land-amazonia02394nas a2200229   4500008004100000245013000041210006900171250000900240300001200249490000700261520157000268653002201838653001701860653001301877653002901890653002201919653001901941100002001960700002401980700002202004856013802026       2006                        eng d00aPrimate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain forests: implications for conservation of seed dispersal systems0 aPrimate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain for  ajune  a855-8790 v273 aConservation efforts are often aimed at one or a few species. However, habi- tat sustainability relies on ecological interactions among species, such as seed dispersal. Thus, a community-scale conservation strategy may be more valuable in some settings. We describe communities of primary (primates) and secondary (dung beetles) seed dispersers from 5 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. We estimate community biomass of these taxa and, using multivari- ate ordination, examine the potential for natural reforestation at each site, given the communities of seed dispersers present. Since disturbed habitat is increasingly common and increasingly the focus of conservation efforts, we also examine differences among seed disperser communities between primary forest and secondary growth at each site. Analyses of faunal biomass in dif- ferent localities and habitats indicate that secondary growth receives nearly as much use by primates as primary forest; given the dominant groups of dung beetles in secondary growth, disturbed habitat should show a pattern of seed burial that is clumped and deep. Areas with high biomass of Alouatta spp. and the large nocturnal dung beetle species may have the greatest potential for natural reforestation of secondary growth particularly for large seeded species. The data suggest that knowledge of the biomass of primary and sec- ondary dispersing fauna facilitates predictions for the likelihood of disturbed habitat to regenerate and comparisons of sites in broader geographical areas e.g., Neotropical vs. Paleotropical forests.10acommunity ecology10aDung beetles10aprimates10arain forest regeneration10asecondary forest.10aseed dispersal1 aVulinec, Kevina1 aLambert, Joanna, E.1 aMellow, David, J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/primate-and-dung-beetle-communities-secondary-growth-rain-forests-implications-conservation-seed-dis00580nas a2200157   4500008004100000245008900041210007000130300001200200490000600212653001200218100002000230700001700250700002100267700001900288856011500307       2008                        eng d00aLong-term Habitat Fragmentation and Dung Beetles in Alter do Chão,Amazônia, Brazil0 aLongterm Habitat Fragmentation and Dung Beetles in Alter do Chão  a111-1210 v110amammals1 aVulinec, Kevina1 aLima, A., P.1 aCarvalho-Jr., E.1 aMellow, D., J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/long-term-habitat-fragmentation-and-dung-beetles-alter-do-ch-oamaz-nia-brazil01364nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161300001000230490000700240520076500247100002001012700002201032700002601054856013801080       2007                        eng d00aArboreal foraging height in a common neotropical dung beetle, Canthon subhyalinus Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aArboreal foraging height in a common neotropical dung beetle Can  a75-810 v613 aArboreal foraging by dung beetles has been reported from tropical rainforests in several regions. In the central Amazon, Brazil, the widespread, arboreal dung beetle Canthon subhyalinus Harold was caught most often in dung traps at 8–24 m above the forest floor, below the height of most primate activity in the area, where dung should be plentiful yet competition for it low. Studies of dung beetle diversity routinely only include traps set on the forest floor, missing arboreal species such as C. subhyalinus, and generating misleading descriptions of dung beetle diversity and abundance. Future studies of dung beetle diversity should include arboreal traps to accurately sample the diversity and abundance of species that rarely forage at ground level. 1 aVulinec, Kevina1 aMellow, David, J.1 aDa Fonseca, C., R. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/arboreal-foraging-height-common-neotropical-dung-beetle-canthon-subhyalinus-harold-coleoptera-scarab