03096nas a2200229   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260000800212300001400220490000800234520233100242653002702573653001602600653001702616653001902633653001202652653001502664653001502679100002202694700002502716856012502741       2003                        eng d00aDiscontinuous gas exchange and the significance of respiratory water loss in scarabaeinae beetles0 aDiscontinuous gas exchange and the significance of respiratory w  cJul  a3547-35560 v2063 aRespiratory water loss in insects is a controversial topic. Whilst earlier studies considered respiratory transpiration a significant component of overall water loss, to the extent that it was thought to be responsible not only for the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) but also for variation in DGC patterns, later work repeatedly questioned its importance. In particular, investigations of the proportional contribution of respiratory transpiration to total water loss in species showing DGCs suggested that respiratory transpiration was unlikely to be important in these species. In turn, these studies have been criticized on analytical grounds. In this study we investigated variation in cuticular and respiratory water loss rates in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species, all of which show discontinuous gas exchange cycles, to ascertain the significance of respiratory water loss using modern analytical techniques. In particular, we determined whether there is variation in water loss rates amongst these beetles, whether both respiratory and cuticular water loss rates contribute significantly to variation in the former, and whether metabolic rate variation and variation in the duration of the DGC periods contribute significantly to variation in respiratory water loss rate. Total water loss rate varied such that species from arid areas had the lowest rates of water loss, and both cuticular and spiracular transpiration contributed significantly to variation in overall water loss rate. Moreover, variation in metabolic rate and in the duration of the DGC periods contributed significantly to variation in respiratory water loss rate. By contrast, examination of proportional water loss revealed little other than that it varies between 6.5% and 21%, depending on the species and the temperature at which it was examined. Cuticular water loss scaled as mass0.721, but did not differ from that expected from geometric considerations alone. By contrast, respiratory water loss scaled as mass0.531, suggesting that gas exchange takes place by diffusion and convection. Our results provide direct evidence that respiratory water loss forms a significant component of water balance, and that changes in both metabolic rate and DGC characteristics contribute to modulation of respiratory water loss. 10adesiccation resistance10adung beetle10agas exchange10ametabolic rate10ascaling10aScarabaeus10awater loss1 aChown, Steven, L.1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/discontinuous-gas-exchange-and-significance-respiratory-water-loss-scarabaeinae-beetles02926nas a2200241   4500008004100000245017800041210006900219300001200288490000700300520192700307653001402234653001602248653003902264653004202303653002802345653002602373653005002399653003802449653001802487653001602505100002502521856013802546       1993                        eng d00aBiogeographical groups in a southern African, winter rainfall, dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - consequences of climatic history and habitat fragmentation0 aBiogeographical groups in a southern African winter rainfall dun  a306-3270 v313 aA study was made of the effects of climate and habitat fragmentation on the biogeographical composition of the dung beetle fauna (Scarabaeinae, Coprinae) in the southwestern Cape, winter rainfall region of South Africa. The fauna was studied at eleven sites and 45 species were recorded. Three geographical species groups (1, 2, 3) were defined for 38 of the species using multivariate techniques. The other seven species have dissimilar widespread distributions and are treated as a fourth group (4). Two groups (1, 3) comprising 31 and three species, respectively, are either endemic or largely restricted to the winter and bimodal rainfall regions of southern Africa. They show extreme numerical dominance in indigenous shrubland but are also well-represented in pasture. Groups 1 and 3 comprise primarily day-flying taxa with an overall peak in abundance during the moist spring. These endemic groups are probably associated with the inception of winter rainfall climate during the Pliocene +- 3 million years before present. The other two groups (2, 4) have a distribution extending into the adjacent summer rainfall region. In the southwestern Cape, they are found predominantly in recently-created pastures. They include equal numbers of day and dusk/night-flying species with peaks in abundance mainly during the dry summer. Most species of these two groups are taxonomically distant from endemic taxa. Frequency of Group 2 relative to climate was greatest in the westerly summer rainfall region one whereas that of Group 4 was greatest in the south-easterly bimodal rainfall region. As most members of Groups 2 and 4 show limited penetration into indigenous shrubland, the findings suggest that these summer-active groups dispersed from the summer rainfall into the winter rainfall region via western and eastern coastal corridors in response to the thinning or clearance of the formerly ubiquitous native shrubs.10aAnimalia-10aArthropoda-10aBiogeography- (Population-Studies)10aClimatology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aColeoptera- (Coleoptera10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aDigestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation)10aEcology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aInvertebrata-10aPhysiology-1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biogeographical-groups-southern-african-winter-rainfall-dung-beetle-assemblage-coleoptera-scarabaeid00690nas a2200181   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161300001200230490000800242653001800250653001600268653001500284653000900299653001700308653002000325100002500345856013800370       1993                        eng d00aAnnual age structure patterns in Afrotropical dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under winter rainfall climate0 aAnnual age structure patterns in Afrotropical dung beetles Coleo  a397-4110 v10710aage structure10aarotropical10aCOLEOPTERA10aDung10aScarabaeidae10awinter rainfall1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/annual-age-structure-patterns-afrotropical-dung-beetles-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-under-winter-rainfal02740nas a2200265   4500008004100000245014900041210006900190300001200259490000700271520174000278653001402018653003002032653001602062653001402078653003902092653004202131653002602173653003802199653003002237653001002267653001802277653001602295100002502311856013802336       1994                        eng d00aHabitat fragmentation in southern Africa and distributional response patterns in five specialist or generalist dung beetle families (Coleoptera)0 aHabitat fragmentation in southern Africa and distributional resp  a192-2070 v323 aEffects of habitat fragmentation on spatial distribution patterns of dung beetles were studied in the southwestern Cape in the winter rainfall region of South Africa, where indigenous shrubland has been extensively replaced with crops and pastures. The six most abundant higher taxa of dung beetles showed a range from higher to low discrimination in response to spatial variables based on the results for principal components analysis (PCA) (Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Histeridae, Staphylinidae: predatory subfamilies, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae). Vegetation type was the principal determinant of spatial distribution whereas annual temperature and rainfall were of much lesser importance. Across the taxonomic sequence from higher to low spatial discrimination, there was a trend from higher to lower proportions of indigenous shrubland specialists. This taxonomic sequence to decreasing spatial discrimination was also related to increasing percentage taxonomic similarity between species assemblages of the higher taxa in the southwestern Cape and those in the distant Transvaal, summer rainfall region PCA (variance) reflected this relationship between local and subcontinental scales of spatial distribution better than a generalization/specialization index (niche width). Species which were widespread on a subcontinental scale (n=25), showed greater pasture associations in the southwestern Cape than in the Transvaal. These trends in spatial distribution patterns indicate that, in response to habitat fragmentation, there has been proportionally greater, recent recruitment of species into southwestern Cape assemblages from spatially less discriminating higher taxa than from spatially more discriminating taxa.10aAnimalia-10aAphodiidae- (Coleoptera-)10aArthropoda-10aBehavior-10aBiogeography- (Population-Studies)10aClimatology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aEcology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aHisteridae- (Coleoptera-)10aHydro10aInvertebrata-10aPhysiology-1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/habitat-fragmentation-southern-africa-and-distributional-response-patterns-five-specialist-or-genera00679nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001200224490000700236653001500243653001400258653000900272653001700281653001700298653002000315100002500335856013700360       1994                        eng d00aCommunity organization in a South African, winter rainfall, dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aCommunity organization in a South African winter rainfall dung b  a727-7380 v1510aassemblage10acommunity10aDung10aScarabaeidae10asouth africa10awinter rainfall1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/community-organization-south-african-winter-rainfall-dung-beetle-assemblage-coleoptera-scarabaeidae02432nas a2200253   4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001200228490000700240520147800247653001401725653001601739653004201755653003001797653002601827653005001853653003801903653001801941653000601959653001601965653003401981100002502015856013802040       1995                        eng d00aDaily weather variation and temporal dynamics in an Afrotropical dung beetle community (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aDaily weather variation and temporal dynamics in an Afrotropical  a641-6560 v163 aThe influence of weather on dung beetle community dynamics was studied in grassland, open woodland and thickets in Gauteng Province, South Africa. To avoid seasonal effects, sampling was restricted to 18 days during November and December. An examination was made both of dung beetle responses to physical variables and of daily changes in their community structure between habitat patches (dung-baited traps). Recruitment of general adults showed a weaker response to physical variables (rainfall, soil hardness, radiant heat, sub-surface soil temperature) than activity of mature adults which was most frequently correlated to rainfall. There was a range in species responses to rainfall from much higher proportional abundance on moist days to somewhat greater abundance on drier days. Such variable responses led to daily changes in the proportional abundance of moist-adapted and dry-tolerant species groups. Daily changes from low to high species richness were also associated with increased rainfall. These changes led to increased diversity and greater functional complexity of the numerically dominant species component. Abundance of most numerically dominant species increased from low to high species richness. Their rank position either increased, decreased or remained similar. It is concluded that during the summer rainy season, incidence of rainfall is an important determinant of temporal dynamics in dung beetle community structure between habitat patches.10aAnimalia-10aArthropoda-10aClimatology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aColeoptera- (Coleoptera-)10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aDigestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation)10aEcology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aInvertebrata-10aP10aPhysiology-10aPlantae-Unspecified: Plantae-1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/daily-weather-variation-and-temporal-dynamics-afrotropical-dung-beetle-community-coleoptera-scarabae00723nas a2200181   4500008004100000245018000041210006900221260000800290300001200298490000800310653001500318653001400333653000900347653000900356653001300365100002500378856013800403       1996                        eng d00aDiel and seasonal community dynamics in an assemblage of coprophagous, Afrotropical, dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s. str., Aphodiidae, and Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae)0 aDiel and seasonal community dynamics in an assemblage of coproph  cFeb  a290-3080 v11010aCOLEOPTERA10acommunity10aDiel10aDung10aSeasonal1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/diel-and-seasonal-community-dynamics-assemblage-coprophagous-afrotropical-dung-beetles-coleoptera-sc00497nas a2200097   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161300001000230100002500240856013400265       1996                        eng d00aMethods for the inventory and ecological monitoring of dung beetles, butterflies and termites in the East Usambaras0 aMethods for the inventory and ecological monitoring of dung beet  a35-461 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/methods-inventory-and-ecological-monitoring-dung-beetles-butterflies-and-termites-east-usambaras02675nas a2200229   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520172700248653003901975653004202014653005002056653003802106653002402144653004302168653001602211653002902227100002502256700002602281856013802307       1993                        eng d00aClimatic and biogeographical associations of Kenyan and northern Tanzanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aClimatic and biogeographical associations of Kenyan and northern  a290-3050 v313 aThe equatorial East African highlands were uplifted in the Pliocene, and together with the associated arid lowlands, they delimit several endemic climatic regions. They also form the eastern and northern limits, respectively, of climate types extending westwards across Central and West Africa and southwards into Southern Africa. This climatic convergence made East Africa an ideal area to survey for dung beetles (Scarabaeinae, Copinae) useful as control agents of dung-breeding flies in Australia where a similar range fox climatic regions occurs. Similarities in climatic range between the 104 species showing the broadest frequency distributions were determined using cluster analysis and depicted on a dendrogram. Three groups were defined at the 25% level of similarity. One group comprised a single montane species endemic to East Africa. A second group (41 spp.) was numerically dominated by East Africa endemics and associated with endemic East African lowland and Southern African climate types. The third group (62 spp.) was primarily associated with upland climate types. Three upland subgroups, defined at the 43% level of similarity, were dominated by East African endemics and were associated both with endemic East African highland and more broad-based climate types. A fourth subgroup was dominated by climate generalists showing widespread tropical and temperate biogeographical associations. Overall, the most common distribution patterns were East African endemism, range restricted to East and Southern Africa, and pan-African distribution. On the criterion of widespread distribution, about a third of the East African fauna was especially suitable for introduction into Austrailian for fly control.10aBiogeography- (Population-Studies)10aClimatology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aDigestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation)10aEcology- (Environmental-Sciences)10aEconomic-Entomology10aPest-Assessment-Control-and-Management10aPhysiology-10aSystematics-and-Taxonomy1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aDewhurst, Charles, F.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/climatic-and-biogeographical-associations-kenyan-and-northern-tanzanian-dung-beetles-coleoptera-scar00666nas a2200133   4500008004100000245018700041210006900228300001400297490000700311100002500318700002400343700002700367856013800394       2001                        eng d00aCladistic, phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightless dung beetle genus, Gyronotus van Lansberge (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), in threatened eastern Afrotropical forests0 aCladistic phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightles  a1607-16250 v351 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/cladistic-phenetic-and-biogeographical-analysis-flightless-dung-beetle-genus-gyronotus-van-lansberge02879nas a2200301   4500008004100000245015200041210006900193300001100262490000600273520181600279653001402095653001302109653003002122653001602152653001602168653001802184653002602202653003002228653003102258653001302289653001802302653001902320653002302339653003202362100002002394700002502414856013802439       1999                        eng d00aAn intercontinental comparison of dung beetle diversity between two mediterranean-climatic regions: Local versus regional and historical influences0 aintercontinental comparison of dung beetle diversity between two  a91-1030 v53 aThe species richness of biological communities is influenced by both local ecological, regional ecological, and historical factors. The relative importance of these factors may be deduced by comparison between communities in climatically and ecologically equivalent, but geographically and historically separate regions of the world. This claim is based on the hypothesis that community processes driven by similar local ecological factors lead to convergence in species richness whereas those driven by differing regional or historical factors lead to divergence. An intercontinental comparison between the winter rainfall regions of South Africa and the Iberian Peninsula showed that overall species richness of dung beetles was dissimilar at local, subregional and regional scales in Scarabaeidae s. str. but similar at all scales in Aphodiinae. Removal of species widespread in the summer rainfall region of Africa or the temperate region of Europe (regional component) resulted in dissimilarit y in species richness of mediterranean endemics at all scales in both dung beetle taxa. However, the lines joining each set of species richness values were parallel which may indicate similarities in processes between different mediterranean climatic regions despite slight differences in latitudinal range. The dominant pattern of dissimilarity or non-convergence may be related primarily to intercontinental differences in regional biogeographical and evolutionary history (faunal dispersal, glaciation effects in relation to geographical barriers to dispersal, speciation history, long-term disturbance history). The limited pattern of similarity or convergence in overall species richness of Aphodiinae may be a chance result or primarily related to intercontinental similarities in local ecological factors.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aAphodiinae- (Coleoptera-)10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aBiodiversity-10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10adung-beetle (Coleoptera-)10aIberian-Peninsula (Europe-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10aPopulation-Studies10aScarabaeidae- (Coleoptera-)1 aLobo, Jorge, M.1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/intercontinental-comparison-dung-beetle-diversity-between-two-mediterranean-climatic-regions-local-v02287nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001200226490000700238520154400245653002101789653001501810653001301825653001701838653002501855100001901880700002501899700002401924856013301948       2008                        eng d00aTrophic associations of a dung beetle assemblage (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in a woodland savanna of Botswana0 aTrophic associations of a dung beetle assemblage Scarabaeidae Sc  a431-4410 v373 aSpecies richness and abundance of dung beetles were assessed across a range of bait types that acted as surrogates for the food resources available in Chobe National Park, Botswana. These bait types were comprised of the dung of pig (omnivore), cattle (ruminant herbivore dropping Þne-Þberd pads), sheep (pellet-dropping ruminant herbivore), and elephant (monogastric, nonru- minant herbivore producing coarse-Þbered droppings), and chicken livers (carrion). Species richness was similar between traps baited with pig, cattle, and elephant dung but was relatively lower in those baited with sheep dung and carrion. In traps baited with pig dung, abundance was relatively greater than in all other bait types. A cluster analysis of species abundance distributions for the 30 most abundant species identiÞed four different patterns of bait type association at a 60% level of similarity. All but 1 of the 15 species in cluster A were attracted primarily to the dung of omnivores and pad-dropping ruminant herbivores (pig and cattle). All seven species of cluster B were attracted primarily to coarse-Þbered, nonruminant herbivore dung (elephant). All four species of cluster C were primarily carrion and pig dung associated, whereas all four species of cluster D were carrion specialists. In conclusion, the most abundant species were attracted to all bait types, but most species were largely specialized to different dung types or carrion, with dung attracting the majority of the fauna in terms of both species richness and abundance.10aAfrican savannas10abait types10aBotswana10aScarabaeinae10atrophic associations1 aTshikae, Power1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/trophic-associations-dung-beetle-assemblage-scarabaeidae-scarabaeinae-woodland-savanna-botswana