02304nas a2200277   4500008004100000020001400041245015800055210006900213260000800282300001000290490000700300520147100307653003701778653001401815653001501829653001801844653001701862653001101879653002001890653002301910653001401933653001101947653001501958100001801973856003501991       2006                        eng d  a0010-065X00aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behav  cDec  a47-560 v603 aDung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.10aALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS10abody-size10aDIMORPHISM10aFEMALE CHOICE10aFIDDLER-CRAB10aFIGHTS10aFOOD RELOCATION10aonthophagus-taurus10aSELECTION10aSEXUAL10aTRADE-OFFS1 aEmlen, D., J.  u<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 02340nas a2200289   4500008004100000020001400041245015800055210006900213260000800282300001000290490000700300520147100307653003701778653001401815653001501829653001801844653001701862653001101879653002001890653002301910653001401933653001101947653001501958100002301973700001901996856003502015       2006                        eng d  a0010-065X00aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behav  cDec  a47-560 v603 aDung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.10aALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS10abody-size10aDIMORPHISM10aFEMALE CHOICE10aFIDDLER-CRAB10aFIGHTS10aFOOD RELOCATION10aonthophagus-taurus10aSELECTION10aSEXUAL10aTRADE-OFFS1 aEmlen, Douglas, J.1 aPhilips, Keith  u<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 02242nas a2200313   4500008004100000245010700041210006900148260001200217300001200229490000700241520132400248653002901572653002501601653001801626653001301644653002001657653002401677653000801701653002401709653001901733653001601752653003801768653001401806653002101820653002101841653001201862100002001874856003401894       2002                        eng d00aSexual selection and condition dependence of courtship display in three species of horned dung beetles0 aSexual selection and condition dependence of courtship display i  cNov-Dec  a791-7990 v133 aSexual selection has traditionally been divided into competition over mates and mate choice. Currently, models of sexual selection predict that sexual traits are expressed in proportion to the condition of their bearer. In horned beetles, male contest competition is well established, but studies on female preferences are scarce. Here I present data on male mating success and condition dependence of courtship rate in three species of horn-dimorphic thing beetles, Onthaphagus taurus, Onthophagus binodis, and Onthophagus australis. I found that in the absence of male contest competition, mating success of O. taurus and O. australis was unrelated to their horn length and body size, whereas in O. binodis horn size had a negative effect but body size had a positive effect on male mating success. Overall, in O. binodis major morph males had greater mating success than minor morph males. In all three species male mating success was affected by courtship rate, and the Courtship rate was condition dependent such that when males were manipulated to be in poor condition they had lower courtship rates than males that were manipulated to be in good condition. My findings provide new insight into the mating systems of horned dung beetles and support an important assumption in indicator models of sexual selection.10aalternative reproductive10acondition dependence10aFEMALE CHOICE10agradient10ahorn dimorphism10ahorned dung beetles10alek10alogistic regression10amating success10aOnthophagus10aonthophagus-acuminatus coleoptera10aSELECTION10asexual selection10astalk-eyed flies10atactics1 aKotiaho, J., S.  u<Go to ISI>://000179504300011