02443nas a2200349   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260000800257300001200265490000800277520141700285653001701702653001401719653001501733653003001748653001401778653001701792653001601809653002201825653001601847653001401863653002801877653000901905653002101914653001601935653001401951653001801965100002801983700002302011700002402034856003502058       2005                        eng d00aChanges in food resources and conservation of scarab beetles: from sheep to dog dung in a green urban area of Rome (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)0 aChanges in food resources and conservation of scarab beetles fro  cJun  a547-5560 v1233 aThe aim of the research was to show how a change in land use influences the structure of a dung beetle assemblage and affect its conservation. In the Pineto Urban Regional Park (Rome), dog dung is the sole food resource currently available for scarab dung beetles, after the recent removal of wild and domestic herbivores. A one-year sampling was conducted to study the scarab assemblage in dog scats (1999) and to compare it with the previous assemblage associated with sheep droppings (1986). Richness, evenness and similarity parameters were compared between the two allochronic assemblages. From sheep to dog dung, an impoverishment of the total richness was observed (from 19 to 9 species) together with an increase of individuals (by 7 times). Dog dung harboured 20% of the current scarab dung beetle fauna of Rome, probably as a consequence of the dog mixed diet, rich in cellulose. Both the communities showed a high percentage of tunnellers, probably because of the food shortage and, for dog scats, of the high dehydration rate. A comparison with other Roman scarab communities enhanced that: (1) the change in food resource determined a higher difference in species composition respect to other parameters (size and habitat diversity); (2) dog dung provided a temporary refuge for species that otherwise may encounter local extinction in urban environments. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.10a20th-century10aabundance10aassemblage10abiodiversity conservatiom10aCarabidae10acolonization10acommunities10acommunity ecology10acompetition10adiversity10adung beetle assemblages10afood10ahabitats mammals10anetherlands10aresources10aurban ecology1 aCarpaneto, Giuseppe, M.1 aMazziotta, Adriano1 aPiattella, Emanuele  u<Go to ISI>://000227958600012 02420nas a2200337   4500008004100000245007600041210006800117260000800185300001200193490000600205520151000211653001701721653003001738653001601768653002201784653001601806653001601822653001601838653000901854653002701863653001101890653001801901653001901919653002601938653002101964653001201985653001001997653002202007100001902029856003402048       1996                        eng d00aThe diversity of soil communities, the 'poor man's tropical rainforest'0 adiversity of soil communities the poor mans tropical rainforest  cFeb  a135-1680 v53 aThis paper reviews the various factors that facilitate the high biodiversity of soil communities, concentrating on soil animals. It considers the problems facing soil ecologists in the study of soil communities and identifies the important role such communities play in terrestrial ecosystems. The review also considers diversity and abundance patterns. A range of factors are identified that may contribute to the biodiversity of soil and their role is reviewed. These include diversity of food resources and trophic specialization, habitat favourableness, habitat heterogeneity in space and time, scale and spatial extent of the habitat, niche dynamics and resource partitioning, productivity, disturbance and aggregation. Biodiversity of soil organisms appears high, largely attributable to the nested set of ecological worlds in the soil - the relationship between the range of size groupings of soil organisms relative to the spatial heterogeneity perceived by these various groups - that provide a large 'area for life' for the micro- and mesofauna. The role of aggregation and how it relates to the spatial scale under consideration and to species interactions amongst soil animals is largely unknown at present. The role of disturbance is equivocal and man's activities more often than not seem to lead to a reduced biodiversity of soil communities. This paper also identifies areas where further work is desirable to improve our understanding of the structure and functioning of soil communities.10abiodiversity10aburying beetles silphidae10acoexistence10acommunity ecology10acompetition10acomposition10aDisturbance10aDung10aecological communities10aforest10aheterogeneity10amaturity index10aresource partitioning10asoil communities10aspecies10asucce10atemporal patterns1 aGiller, P., S.  u<Go to ISI>://A1996TW7050000202876nas a2200265   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175300000900244490000800253520202500261653001702286653002202303653001802325653001702343653002002360653001702380100001602397700001502413700001602428700001802444700001602462700001502478700001602493856010102509       2007                        eng d00aGlobal dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis0 aGlobal dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and   a1-190 v1373 aAlthough insects are crucial for maintaining ecosystem function, our understanding of their overall response to human activity remains limited. This is no less true of dung-burying beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), which provide a suite of critical ecosystem functions and services, yet but face multiple conservation threats, particularly from landscape conversion. Here we use a review and meta-analysis to synthesize the current knowledge concerning response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). For every modified habitat type and individual forest fragment across 33 studies, we calculated six dung beetle community parameters, standardized relative to intact tropical forest. We organized modified habitats along an approximate disturbance gradient ranging from selectively logged, late and early secondary forest, through agroforestry, tree plantations, to annual crops, cattle pastures and clear-cuts. Secondary forests, selectively logged forest and agroforests supported rich communities with many intact forest species, while cattle pastures and clear-cuts contained fewer species overall with few forest-dwelling species. Abundance generally declined with increasing modification, but was quite variable. Communities in open habitats were often characterized by hyper-abundance of a small number of small-bodied species, leading to low evenness. Across fragmentation studies, dung beetle species richness, abundance and evenness declined in smaller forest fragments. Richness and abundance sometimes declined in more isolated fragments, although this response appeared to depend on matrix quality. Across both habitat modification and fragmentation studies, geographic location and landscape context appeared to modify dung beetle response by influencing the available pool of colonists. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and conclude with recommendations for management and conservation and for future research.10aAgroforestry10acommunity ecology10adeforestation10aInvertebrate10aLand-use change10aScarabaeinae1 aNichols, E.1 aLarsen, T.1 aSpector, S.1 aDavis, A., L.1 aEscobar, F.1 aFavila, M.1 aVulinec, K.  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-4ND710H-1/2/3d7a5f4362824647199ebdfd5821fa14 02394nas a2200229   4500008004100000245013000041210006900171250000900240300001200249490000700261520157000268653002201838653001701860653001301877653002901890653002201919653001901941100002001960700002401980700002202004856013802026       2006                        eng d00aPrimate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain forests: implications for conservation of seed dispersal systems0 aPrimate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain for  ajune  a855-8790 v273 aConservation efforts are often aimed at one or a few species. However, habi- tat sustainability relies on ecological interactions among species, such as seed dispersal. Thus, a community-scale conservation strategy may be more valuable in some settings. We describe communities of primary (primates) and secondary (dung beetles) seed dispersers from 5 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. We estimate community biomass of these taxa and, using multivari- ate ordination, examine the potential for natural reforestation at each site, given the communities of seed dispersers present. Since disturbed habitat is increasingly common and increasingly the focus of conservation efforts, we also examine differences among seed disperser communities between primary forest and secondary growth at each site. Analyses of faunal biomass in dif- ferent localities and habitats indicate that secondary growth receives nearly as much use by primates as primary forest; given the dominant groups of dung beetles in secondary growth, disturbed habitat should show a pattern of seed burial that is clumped and deep. Areas with high biomass of Alouatta spp. and the large nocturnal dung beetle species may have the greatest potential for natural reforestation of secondary growth particularly for large seeded species. The data suggest that knowledge of the biomass of primary and sec- ondary dispersing fauna facilitates predictions for the likelihood of disturbed habitat to regenerate and comparisons of sites in broader geographical areas e.g., Neotropical vs. Paleotropical forests.10acommunity ecology10aDung beetles10aprimates10arain forest regeneration10asecondary forest.10aseed dispersal1 aVulinec, Kevina1 aLambert, Joanna, E.1 aMellow, David, J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/primate-and-dung-beetle-communities-secondary-growth-rain-forests-implications-conservation-seed-dis