02222nas a2200265   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260000800234300001400242490000700256520131700263653002301580653001701603653002501620653002101645653001601666653001401682653002101696653001301717100002301730700002401753700001801777700002501795856013601820       2005                        eng d00aDiversity in the weapons of sexual selection: horn evolution in the beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aDiversity in the weapons of sexual selection horn evolution in t  cJan  a1060-10840 v593 aBoth ornaments and weapons of sexual selection frequently exhibit prolific interspecific diversity of form. Yet, most studies of this diversity have focused on ornaments involved with female mate choice, rather than on the weapons of male competition. With few exceptions, the mechanisms of divergence in weapon morphology remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the evolutionary radiation of one type of weapon: beetle horns. We use partial sequences from four nuclear and three mitochondrial genes to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis for a worldwide sample of 48 species from the dung beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We then use these data to test for multiple evolutionary origins of horns and to characterize the evolutionary radiation of horns. Although our limited sampling of one of the world’s most species-rich genera almost certainly underestimates the number of evolutionary events, our phylogeny reveals prolific evolutionary lability of these exaggerated sexually selected weapons (more than 25 separate gains and losses of five different horn types). We discuss these results in the context of the natural history of these beetles and explore ways that sexual selection and ecology may have interacted to generate this extraordinary diversity of weapon morphology. 10aAdaptive radiation10abeetle horns10acharacter divergence10amale competition10aOnthophagus10aphylogeny10asexual selection10aweapons.1 aEmlen, Douglas, J.1 aMarangelo, Jennifer1 aBall, Bernard1 aCunningham, Clifford  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/diversity-weapons-sexual-selection-horn-evolution-beetle-genus-onthophagus-coleoptera-scarabaeidae02147nas a2200265   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165300001000234490000700244520128800251653001101539653001201550653001701562653001101579653001701590653001401607653001401621653001601635653001701651653001501668653001401683100002701697700001901724856013801743       2003                        eng d00aPhylogeny of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma MacLeay) stat. nov., and related flightless Scarabaeini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogeny of Scarabaeus Pachysoma MacLeay stat nov and related f  a47-710 v403 aThemonophylyofPachysomaMacLeayisassessedviacladisticanalysis,basedonsixty-fouradultcharactersfrom thirty-seventaxacomprisingall currentlyandpreviously recognizedgenerainScarabaeini, except Madateuchus Paulian.PachysomacomprisesamonophyleticcladeofderivedspeciesofScarabaeusandNeopachysomaFerreira isthesisterlineageofPachysomasensustricto.Scarabaeus(Pachysoma)stat. nov. isconsideredasubgenusof ScarabaeusLinnaeuswhileNeopachysomaFerreiraismaintainedasasynonymof Pachysomasensulato. NeomnematiumJanssenstogether withMnematiumMacLeayispolyphyletic, whilethelatter isparaphyletic. MnematiumMacLeayandNeomnematiumJanssensaremaintainedassynonymsofScarabaeus,andtheirspecies includedinsubgeneraScarabaeus(Scarabaeus) andScarabaeus(Scarabaeolus).DrepanopodusJanssens, KheperJanssensandSceliagesWestwood,asderivedcladesofScarabaeus,couldalsoberecognizedassubgen- eratomaintainamonophyleticScarabaeus,but aremaintainedasgenerapendingfurther work. Aridificationof theNamibDesertispostulatedtohaveinitiatedtheevolutionofScarabaeus(Pachysoma),whichfeedondrydungor detritusandarederivedfromaball-rollingandwet-dung-feedingScarabaeus-likeancestor. Theevolutionof flightlessnessandfoodrelocationstrategy,biogeography,andadditionaldistributionalandbiologicalinformationare presented for the group. 10aAptery10aBiology10aDrepanopodus10aKheper10aPachylomerus10aPachysoma10aphylogeny10aPsammophily10aScarabaeolus10aScarabaeus10aSceliages1 aHarrison, James, du G.1 aPhilips, Keith  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogeny-scarabaeus-pachysoma-macleay-stat-nov-and-related-flightless-scarabaeini-scarabaeidae-scar00677nas a2200193   4500008004500000245008200045210006900127300001200196490000700208653001500215653001400230653002800244653002000272653001400292653001500306100002500321700002200346856011500368       1999                        spandsh  00aBiogeografia de areas y biogeografia de artropodos holarticos y mediterraneos0 aBiogeografia de areas y biogeografia de artropodos holarticos y   a535-5600 v2610aarthropods10adispersal10ahistorical biogeography10aholartic region10aphylogeny10avicariance1 aMartin-Piera, Fermin1 aSanmartin, Isabel  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biogeografia-de-areas-y-biogeografia-de-artropodos-holarticos-y-mediterraneos03102nas a2200265   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001000220490000700230520221500237653001102452653001702463653001502480653002502495653001202520653002202532653001702554653001402571653001702585653002802602100002402630700002402654700002702678856013102705       2005                        eng d00aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus Pachy  a75-840 v323 aAim Namib biogeography in many instances remains reliant on advanced and detailed systematic studies. This study attempts to combine molecular phylogenetic data, geology and palaeo-climatic data to (i) resolve the relationships of the 13 morphological species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) and (ii) relate their evolution to past climatic and geological events. Location South Africa and Namibia. Methods Sequencing of a 1197 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the 13 species within Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was undertaken. Analyses performed included Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood as well as imposing a molecular clock. Results The molecular phylogeny showed strong support for 11 of the 13 morphological species. The remaining two species, S. (P.) glentoni and S. (P.) hippocrates, formed a complex and could not be assigned specific status on the basis of the COI gene phylogeny. Strong support for the three species formerly classified within the genus Neopachysoma was consistently obtained. The subgenus appears to have arisen c. 2.9 Ma. Species within the subgenus arose at different times, with the common ancestor to Neopachysoma and the hippocrates complex having evolved 2.65 and 2.4 Ma, respectively. Scarabaeus (P.) denticollis, S. (P.) rotundigenus, S. (P.) rodriguesi and S. (P.) schinzi are some of the youngest species, having diverged between 2 million and 600,000 years ago. Main conclusions Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) is a derived monophyletic clade within the Scarabaeini. The subgenus appears to be young in comparison with the age of the Namib Desert, which dates back to the Miocene (c. 15 Ma). The psammophilous taxa are shown to disperse with their substratum and habitat, barchan dunes. Clear south/north evolutionary gradients can be seen within the species of this subgenus, which are consistent with the unidirectional wind regime. Species with a suite of mostly plesiomorphic characters have a southerly distribution while their derived psammophilous relatives have central to northern Namib distributions. Major rivers such as the Orange, Buffels and Holgat appear to be gene barriers to certain species as well as areas of origin of speciation events. 10aAptery10abiogeography10aCOLEOPTERA10acytochrome oxidase I10aendemic10amitochondrial DNA10anamib desert10aphylogeny10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeus (Pachysoma).1 aSole, Catherine, L.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aBastos, Armanda, D. S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogeography-namib-desert-dung-beetles-scarabaeus-pachysoma-macleay-coleoptera-scarabaeidae