TY - JOUR T1 - Dung preference of the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus Fab (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae) from Kuwait JF - Journal Of Arid Environments Y1 - 1997 A1 - Al-Houty, Wasmia A1 - Al-Musalam, Faten SP - 511 EP - 516 KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - Kuwait KW - Scarabaeus cristatus AB - Adult dung beetles, Scarabaeus cristatus, consume the fluid components of dung and bury whole dung as food for their larvae. When dung from three herbivorous animals, horse, camel and sheep, was offered, the beetles preferred the more fluid horse dung to the others. Sheep dung was preferred to the camel dung. The dung of two carnivores, dog and fox, was also accepted but to a lesser extent than the herbivore dung. VL - 35 UR - ://A1997WQ58300012 N1 - digital copy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Body-Size, Abundance, and Geographical-Distribution of Afrotropical Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) JF - Acta Oecologica Y1 - 1994 A1 - Cambefort, Y. SP - 165 EP - 179 KW - abundance KW - afrotropical region KW - beetles KW - biomass KW - communities KW - Dung KW - dynamics KW - energy use KW - energy-use KW - geographical distribution KW - natural animal assemblages KW - patterns KW - population-density KW - size AB - Local and regional abundances of Afrotropical dung beetle species, as well as their regional and continental distributions, have been found to depend on their average individual fresh weight. At the local and regional scales, small-bodied species are numerically more abundant than their larger relatives, but large-bodied species have a larger total biomass and control a larger proportion of available resources. At the regional scale, large dung beetle species occur in fewer localities than small ones, but, at the continental scale, geographical distribution is wider. VL - 15 UR - ://A1994PJ66600005 N1 - Times Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 25Cited References: BLACKBURN TM, 1993, J ANIM ECOL, V62, P519 BLACKBURN TM, 1993, J ANIM ECOL, V62, P694 BLACKBURN TM, 1992, OIKOS, V65, P107 BROWN JH, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P1145 CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P36 CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P51 CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P156 COTGREAVE P, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P244 CURRIE DJ, 1993, OIKOS, V67, P56 CURRIE DJ, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P353 DAMUTH J, 1987, BIOL J LINN SOC, V31, P193 DAMUTH J, 1993, NATURE, V365, P748 DAMUTH J, 1991, NATURE, V351, P268 GASTON KJ, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P662 GRIFFITHS D, 1992, J ANIM ECOL, V61, P307 GRIFFITHS D, 1987, NATURE, V328, P117 HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P283 HEINRICH B, 1979, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V52, P484 LAWTON JH, 1989, OIKOS, V55, P429 LAWTON JH, 1991, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V330, P2833 LUMARET JP, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P349 NEE S, 1991, NATURE, V351, P312 PAGEL MD, 1991, AM NAT, V138, P836 STORK NE, 1993, OIKOS, V67, P483 WHITE F, 1986, VEGETATION AFRICAEnglishArticlePJ666ACTA OECOL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Lunar orientation in a beetle JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences Y1 - 2004 A1 - Dacke, M. A1 - Byrne, M. J. A1 - Scholtz, C. H. A1 - Warrant, E. J. SP - 361 EP - 365 KW - beetles KW - compass KW - compound eye KW - crickets KW - dorsal rim area KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - light KW - moon KW - orientation KW - pattern KW - polarization KW - sandhoppers KW - Scarabaeus zambesianus KW - sensitivity KW - skylight polarization patterns KW - vision AB - Many animals use the sun's polarization pattern to orientate, but the dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus is the only animal so far known to orientate using the million times dimmer polarization pattern of the moonlit sky. We demonstrate the relative roles of the moon and the nocturnal polarized-light pattern for orientation. We find that artificially changing the position of the moon, or hiding the moon's disc from the beetle's field of view, generally did not influence its orientation performance. We thus conclude that the moon does not serve as the primary cue for orientation. The effective cue is the polarization pattern formed around the moon, which is more reliable for orientation. Polarization sensitivity ratios in two photoreceptors in the dorsal eye were found to be 7.7 and 12.9, similar to values recorded in diurnal navigators. These results agree with earlier results suggesting that the detection and analysis of polarized skylight is similar in diurnal and nocturnal insects. VL - 271 UR - ://000189028500005 N1 - Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 39Cited References: ABLE KP, 1980, ANIMAL MIGRATION ORI, P283 ABLE KP, 1989, J EXP BIOL, V141, P241 BAKER RR, 1987, ANIM BEHAV, V35, P94 BATSCHELET E, 1981, CIRCULAR STAT BIOL BISCH SM, 1999, THESIS RHEINISCHEN F BLUM M, 2000, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V186, P119 BRINES ML, 1982, J EXP BIOL, V96, P69 BYRNE M, 2003, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V189, P411 DACKE M, 1999, NATURE, V401, P470 DACKE M, 2002, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V188, P211 DACKE M, 2003, J EXP BIOL, V206, P1535 DACKE M, 2003, NATURE, V424, P33 FERGUSON DE, 1965, COPEIA, V1, P58 FREAKE MJ, 1999, J EXP BIOL, V202, P1159 GAL J, 2001, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V106, P22647 HERZMANN D, 1989, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V165, P315 JANDER R, 1957, Z VERGL PHYSIOL, V40, P162 KERFOOT WB, 1967, ANIM BEHAV, V15, P479 LABHART T, 1980, J COMP PHYSL, V141, P19 LABHART T, 1986, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V158, P1 LABHART T, 1999, MICROSC RES TECHNIQ, V47, P368 LABHART T, 2001, J EXP BIOL, V204, P2423 LEUTHOLD RH, 1976, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V1, P127 MCINTYRE P, 1998, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V183, P45 NILSSON DE, 1987, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V161, P645 PARDI L, 1954, Z TIERPSYCHOL, V11, P175 SNYDER AW, 1973, J COMP PHYSL, V83, P331 SOTTHIBANDHU S, 1979, ANIM BEHAV, V27, P786 STRUTT JW, 1871, PHILOS MAG, V41, P107 TONGIORGI P, 1970, B MUS NAT HIST NATUR, V41, P243 UGOLINI A, 1996, BEHAV PROCESS, V36, P151 UGOLINI A, 1999, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V184, P9 UGOLINI A, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P749 UGOLINI A, 2003, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V270, P279 WATERMAN TH, 1981, HDB SENSORY PHYSL, V7, P281 WEHNER R, 1975, J COMP PHYSL, V104, P225 WEHNER R, 1984, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V29, P277 WEHNER R, 1989, J EXP BIOL, V146, P63 WEHNER R, 1994, FORTSCHR ZOOL, V39, P103EnglishArticlePROC ROY SOC LONDON SER B775EV ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nesting of afrotropical Oniticellus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and its evolutionary trend from soil to dung JF - Ecological Entomology Y1 - 1989 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. SP - 11 EP - 21 KW - COLEOPTERA KW - Dung KW - evolution KW - nesting KW - oniticellus KW - Scarabaeidae VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Annual age structure patterns in Afrotropical dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under winter rainfall climate JF - Journal of African Zoology Y1 - 1993 A1 - Davis, Adrian L. V. SP - 397 EP - 411 KW - age structure KW - arotropical KW - COLEOPTERA KW - Dung KW - Scarabaeidae KW - winter rainfall VL - 107 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Community organization in a South African, winter rainfall, dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) JF - Acta Oecologica Y1 - 1994 A1 - Davis, Adrian L. V. SP - 727 EP - 738 KW - assemblage KW - community KW - Dung KW - Scarabaeidae KW - south africa KW - winter rainfall VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Compositional differences between dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s. str.) assemblages in winter and summer rainfall climates JF - African Entomology Y1 - 1994 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. SP - 45 EP - 51 KW - assemblages KW - Dung KW - Scarabaeidae KW - summer rainfall KW - winter rainfall VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Associations of afrotropical Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiidae: Staphylinidae: Hydrophilidae: Histeridae) with dung and decaying matter: implications for selection of fly-control agents for Australia JF - Journal of Natural History Y1 - 1994 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. SP - 383 EP - 399 KW - Aphodiinae KW - decaying matter KW - Dung KW - fly-control KW - histeridae KW - hydrophilidae KW - Scarabaeidae KW - staphylinidae VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Diel and seasonal community dynamics in an assemblage of coprophagous, Afrotropical, dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s. str., Aphodiidae, and Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) JF - Journal of African Zoology Y1 - 1996 A1 - Davis, Adrian L. V. SP - 290 EP - 308 KW - COLEOPTERA KW - community KW - Diel KW - Dung KW - Seasonal VL - 110 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Habitat associations in a South African, summer rainfall, dung beetle community (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae) JF - Pedobiologia Y1 - 1996 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. SP - 260 EP - 280 KW - Aphodiinae KW - community KW - Dung KW - habitat KW - histeridae KW - hydrophilidae KW - Scarabaeidae KW - staphylinidae VL - 40 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dung beetle diversity in South Africa: influential factors, conservation status, data inadequacies and survey design JF - African Entomology Y1 - 2002 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. SP - 53 EP - 65 KW - associations KW - biodiversity hotspots KW - COLEOPTERA KW - community KW - consequences KW - conservation KW - diversity KW - Dung KW - habitat fragmentation KW - hydrophilidae KW - populations KW - s str KW - Scarabaeidae KW - Scarabaeinae KW - south africa KW - staphylinidae KW - survey AB - Dung beetles are useful as indicators in conservation and global warming studies owing to their specialized regional and local distribution patterns. However, existing South African data are inadequate for indication at the necessary degree of spatial resolution. To improve the database, Survey methods need to Lie designed according to the spatial and temporal factors that influence dung beetle diversity. Across four major climatic regions, there are seven principal species distribution centres for dung beetles in which activity is influenced primarily by difference, in rainfall seasonality and temperature, Across these regions, generic endemism is largely concentrated around the coastline and in montane areas. The conservation status of endemic genera is discussed. At a local scale, spatial diversity is influenced primarily by soil, vegetation and dung type. Maximum local diversity of dung beetles is observed after rainfall and decreases as surface conditions become warmer and drier. After workshop discussions, a coarse-grained, asymmetrical gradsect survey grid has been designed according to vegetative, climatic and land-usage gradients across South Africa. It is suggested that each survey point across these regional gradients should comprise a quarter-degree square in which local ecological gradients should be surveyed for invertebrates, Baited pitfall trapping is an easy method to provide quantitative data for dung beetles across such environmental gradients. Lining up each catch on a tray provides a relatively quick way to compare the specimens, identify the species present, and provide a quantitative assessment of species abundance. Data collection may be conducted on one or more occasion., to accommodate seasonal and daily variation in species occurrence. This exercise could identify localities suitable for ecotourism reserves representative of the variation in ecotypes across the country, particularly, in coastal, natural grass and wooded regions, where many invertebrate taxa are endangered by habitat fragmentation including some rare dung beetle species. VL - 10 UR - ://000176247000006 N1 - Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 65Cited References: *STATSOFT INC, 1995, STATISTICA WIND COMP *WEATH BUR, 1965, CLIM S AFR 8 BOND WJ, 1994, S AFR J SCI, V90, P391 BORNEMISSZA GF, 1971, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V11, P133 BORNEMISSZA GF, 1979, S AFR J SCI, V75, P257 CAMBEFORT Y, 1982, ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR, V18, P433 CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P51 CINCOTTA RP, 2000, NATURE, V404, P990 COWLING RM, 1992, ECOLOGY FYNBOS NUTR, P23 DAVIES ALV, 1999, J BIOGEOGR, V26, P1039 DAVIS ALV, 1995, ACTA OECOL, V16, P641 DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10 DAVIS ALV, 1996, AFR J ECOL, V34, P258 DAVIS ALV, 1994, AFR J ECOL, V32, P192 DAVIS ALV, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V31, P306 DAVIS ALV, 2001, DIVERSITY DISTRIBUTI, V7, P161 DAVIS ALV, 1989, ECOL ENTOMOL, V14, P11 DAVIS ALV, IN PRESS GLOBAL ECOL DAVIS ALV, 1996, J AFR ZOOL, V110, P291 DAVIS ALV, 1993, J AM ZOOL, V107, P397 DAVIS ALV, 2001, J NAT HIST, V35, P1607 DAVIS ALV, 1994, J NAT HIST, V28, P383 DAVIS ALV, 1996, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V40, P260 DEAN WRJ, 1995, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V37, P103 DEMELLO FZV, 1998, COLEOPTERISTS B, V52, P209 DENT MC, 1989, 109189 WRC DOUBE BM, 1990, B ENTOMOL RES, V80, P259 DOUBE BM, 1983, B ENTOMOL RES, V73, P357 DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P133 DOUBE BM, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P383 EDWARDS PB, 1986, B ENTOMOL RES, V76, P433 EDWARDS PB, 1991, FUNCT ECOL, V5, P617 FAIRBANKS DHK, 2000, S AFR J SCI, V96, P69 FERREIRA MC, 1972, REV ENT MOCAM, V11, P5 FINCHER GT, 1970, J PARASITOL, V56, P378 GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V86, P584 GILL BD, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P211 HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1 HALFFTER G, 1974, QUAEST ENTOMOL, V10, P223 HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P305 HOWDEN HF, 1975, BIOTROPICA, V7, P77 HOWDEN HF, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P155 INOUCHI J, 1986, CHEM SENSES, V11, P286 JANKIELSOHN A, 2001, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V30, P474 KOCH SO, 2000, J INSECT CONSERVATIO, V4, P45 KRELL FT, 1999, AFR ENTOMOL, V7, P287 LEGENDRE L, 1983, NUMERICAL ECOLOGY LOW AB, 1996, VEGETATION S AFRICA NEALIS VG, 1977, CAN J ZOOL, V55, P138 PHILIPS TK, 2001, AFRICAN ENTOMOLOGY, V8, P227 REID WV, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P275 REYERS B, 2000, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V267, P505 SCHOLTZ CH, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P75 SCHOLTZ CH, 1987, J ENTOMOL SOC S AFR, V50, P121 SHIBUYA, 1982, JAPANESE J APPL ENTO, V26, P194 STEENKAMP HE, 1996, BIOL CONSERV, V78, P305 TYSON PD, 1986, CLIMATIC CHANGE VARI VANJAARSVELD AS, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P2106 VANRENSBURG BJ, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V88, P145 WALTER H, 1964, KLIMADIAGRAMM WELTAT WALTER P, 1983, B SOC ZOOLOGIQUE FRA, V108, P397 WATERHOUSE DF, 1974, SCI AM, V230, P101 WESSELS KJ, 1998, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V7, P1093 WILLIAMS P, 2000, BELGIAN J ENTOMOL, V2, P21 WILLIAMS P, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P155EnglishArticle563GBAFR ENTOMOL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of deforestation on a southwest Ghana dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) at the periphery of Ankasa conservation area JF - Environmental Entomology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. A1 - Philips, T. K. SP - 1081 EP - 1088 KW - deforestation KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - Ghana KW - modification KW - plantation KW - rainforest KW - scarabaeinae (biological conservation 2007) AB - During June 2003, an exploratory dung beetle survey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) was conducted in southwest Ghana at the southern edge of Ankasa Conservation Area, which is a 500-km(2) conserved region of the threatened Eastern Upper Guinean rainforest. The survey provided a quantitative assessment of peripheral deforestation effects and an inventory for species on omnivore dung. Pitfall traps baited with pig dung were placed in both selectively logged and unlogged rainforest as well as in nearby oil palm and cacao plantations. The Ankasa forest inventory was mostly comprised of species previously trapped by human dung in the Western Upper Guinean rainforest of TO National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. However, there was relatively low species abundance similarity between the June/July assemblages on omnivore dung in Tai and Ankasa rainforests, and even lower similarity between assemblages of Ankasa and the adjacent plantations. Of 29 species recorded in Ankasa forest, most were absent or rare in plantations where assemblages were numerically dominated by species previously recorded from the West African savannas. This replacement plantation fauna showed significantly lower species richness and diversity, but significantly higher abundance, compared with Ankasa forest assemblages. The results reiterate that forest reserves are essential for the conservation of specialist rainforest dung beetle species. VL - 34 UR - ://000232405800014 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A dung beetle survey of selected Gauteng nature reserves: implications for conservation of the provincial scarabaeine fauna JF - African Entomology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. A1 - Scholtz, Clarke H. A1 - Deschodt, C. SP - 1 EP - 16 KW - conservation KW - Dung KW - Gauteng KW - nature reserve KW - Scarabaeinae KW - SouthAfrica KW - survey AB - Aquantitativedungbeetlesurvey(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae)wasconducted insixGautengnaturereserves(Tswaing,Leeuwfontein,Roodeplaat,Ezemvelo,AbeBailey, Suikerbosrand) representativeof theprovincial rangeinenvironmental conditions. The studyprovidedaprovincial species inventorythat has beentestedfor completeness bycomparisonwithmuseumreferencematerial. It alsopermittedananalysisof major influencesonregional(altitude,annualrainfall)andlocal(soilandvegetationtype)patterns of speciesabundance. Thesurveyrecordedatotal of 152species. Althoughafurther29 specieswererepresentedinreferencecollections,theirabsencefromthepresentworkwas probablyduetohabitat,food,ortemporalspecializations.Multivariateanalyses(clustering, MDS)ofspeciesabundancedataformedsixclusters,eachcomprisingexclusivelythesitesin singlereserves. Thisindicatesthatregionalbetween-reservefaunaldifferencesaregreater thanlocal withinreservedifferences, thusdemonstratingthevalueof eachreserve. Ina hierarchical analysisofobliquefactors, fiveoutofsevenstatisticallydefinedclusterscom- prisedexclusivelythesitesinsinglereserveswithSuikerbosrandsplitintwo.Theseclusters werevariouslycorrelatedwithnineextendedfactors.Alongsevenfactors,correlationswere uniqueoressentiallyuniquetosinglereservesandwerefairlyhigh,particularlyatinterme- diatealtitude. Alongtheremainingtwosharedfactors, therewereopposingtrendsinthat correlationseitherdecreasedwithhigheraltitudeordecreasedwithloweraltitude. Thus, eachclustershowsthreecoefficientsofdetermination, onerepresentingtheproportionof varianceduetosharedhighlandfaunalinfluence,onerepresentingthatduetosharedlow- landfaunal influenceandthethirdrepresentingthatduetouniquelocal faunal composi- tion. Theanalysesidentifythetransitionfromlowlandtohighland-dominatedfaunas, the relativefaunal distinctivenessofeachreserve, andomissionsfromtheprovincial reserve system. VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles JF - Journal of Biogeography Y1 - 2002 A1 - Davis, A. L. V. A1 - Scholtz, C. H. A1 - Philips, T. K. SP - 1217 EP - 1256 KW - assemblage coleoptera KW - biogeography KW - community organization KW - dinosaurs KW - dispersal KW - distributional patterns KW - Dung KW - fragmentation KW - global KW - habitat KW - hindwing articulation KW - historical KW - mammals KW - rain-forest KW - s-str KW - Scarabaeinae KW - southern african KW - vicariance KW - w AB - Aim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses. VL - 29 UR - ://000178273300010 N1 - 598JTJ BIOGEOGR ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Seasonal-Variation in the Dung of African Grazing Mammals, and Its Consequences for Coprophagous Insects JF - Functional Ecology Y1 - 1991 A1 - Edwards, P. B. SP - 617 EP - 628 KW - African herbivores KW - coprophagous KW - Dung KW - Dung beetles KW - food- KW - impala KW - quality KW - wildebeest KW - zebra AB - The dung of African grazing mammals varies in nutrient and moisture content according to the condition of the pasture on which the animals feed. This study investigated the effect of variation in quality of herbivore dung on the survival and reproduction of coprophagous insects. Seasonal variation was recorded in physical and chemical characteristics of zebra, wildebeest and impala dung. Dung was collected from free- ranging animals grazing in natural habitat in Mkuzi Game Reserve, a hot summer-rainfall region of South Africa. Interspecific differences in dung were related to the feeding ecology, digestive physiology and size of each species. Seasonal changes in water and nitrogen content of dung were related to patterns of rainfall and hence pasture growth. Dung moisture was significantly correlated with the amount of rain that fell in the preceding 2 weeks for wildebeest, in the preceding 4 weeks for impala and in the period 2-6 weeks before collection for zebra dung. Seasonal variability in wildebeest dung affected the reproductive rate of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Egg production at 25- degrees-C ranged from 0.1 per female per week in winter dung to 12.1 in summer dung, and was significantly correlated with dung moisture. Euoniticellus intermedius and the African buffalo fly Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) could not breed in fresh wildebeest dung of 62% water content. However when the water content was raised to 68% and above, breeding by Euoniticellus intermedius increased; and at moisture contents of 73% and above, buffalo fly size increased and survival improved. Higher water content was correlated with an increase in availability of dung fluid, the component of dung used by these insects. VL - 5 UR - ://A1991GL11000006 N1 - Times Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 0EnglishArticleGL110FUNCT ECOL ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Nutritional ecology of dung and carrion feeding insects T2 - Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders Y1 - 1987 A1 - Hanski, I. ED - Slanky, Jr. F ED - Rodriguez, J. G SP - 837 EP - 884 KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - feces KW - feeding KW - food KW - resources mammals JF - Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders PB - Wiley CY - New York N1 - need book ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amounts of dung buried and soil excavated by certain Coprini (Scarabaeidae) JF - Kansas Entomological Society Y1 - 1933 A1 - Lindquist, Arthur SP - 109 EP - 125 KW - annotated KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - ecological function KW - ecosystem service KW - fertilization KW - nitrogen KW - soil VL - 6 N1 - have copy and digital copy (low quality)some observations of his- that 2 Dichotomius carolinus could remove nearly an entire cow pie, that they avoided horse dung. they were very seasonally active- appeared in may and disappeared in october. a single beetle could move between 6.2 and 126.8 grams of manure into their burrow, 11-57 cm deep. removal of between 96.4 and 1220.9g. gives stats of amount of dung removed and soil moved by a few different species. Dung beetle pairs do more (in varying ratios) than single beetles. this paper points to seasonal variation in the depth and distance from the dung pat of tunnels made by D. carolinus, Copris tullis and Phanaeus. these tunnels were all differetly shaped, lacking in branches and pockets and stored manure, all at least twice as deep as others, and may represent their overwintering tunnels ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Desiccation rate of excrement: a selective pressure on dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), T2 - Time Scales of Biological Responses to Water Constraints Y1 - 1995 A1 - Lumaret, J. P. ED - Roy, J. ED - J. Aronson ED - F. Dicastri SP - 105 EP - 118 KW - Dung KW - dung beetle mammals KW - evolution JF - Time Scales of Biological Responses to Water Constraints PB - S.P.B. Academic Publishing CY - Hague N1 - need copy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Further record and observations of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) at carnivore dung in eastern Australia JF - Victorian Entomologist Y1 - 1994 A1 - Faithfull, I SP - 63–67 KW - carnivore KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - food resources KW - mammal KW - mammals VL - 24 N1 - need copy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Endectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treated cattle: implications for toxicity tests JF - Medical and Veterinary Entomology Y1 - 2007 A1 - Floate, K. D. SP - 312 EP - 322 KW - attraction KW - doramectin KW - Dung KW - eprinomectin KW - faecal residues KW - IVERMECTIN KW - moxidectin KW - non-target effects KW - Scarabaeidae AB - A 3-year study was performed in southern Alberta, Canada to assess the ef- fect of endectocide residues on the attractiveness of cattle dung to colonizing insects. In 2003 and 2004, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and paired traps baited with dung of cattle that had been treated 7 days previously with topically applied doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin or moxidectin. Faecal residues associated with each compound affected insect captures in both spring and autumn of each year. Effects were detected ( P < 0.05) for a total of 94 cases representing 27 insect taxa from 13 families in three orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera). Two-fold differences in captures were common. Up to six-fold differ- ences were observed. Eleven cases of attraction and 11 cases of repellency were associ- ated with residues of doramectin. Eprinomectin tended to repel insects, with decreased captures for 19 of 29 cases of effect. Ivermectin showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 25 cases. Moxidectin also showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 18 cases. Comparisons between compounds suggested that results for doramectin best predicted results for eprinomectin and vice versa. In 2005, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and traps baited with dung from cattle treated 3, 7 or 14 days previously with topically applied doramectin. Effects were detected in 14 cases plus one case of near significance ( P = 0.053). Significant differences between control vs. days 3, 7 and/or 14 dung were detected in nine cases. Residues enhanced captures in seven of these cases. Day 14 dung affected captures in six of these cases. This study shows that endec- tocide residues can affect the number of insects attracted to colonize and oviposit in dung. Hence, the emergence of their offspring from field-colonized dung of untreated vs. endectocide-treated cattle should not be used as a measure of residue toxicity per se, but rather as a measure of ‘ insect activity ’ . Insect activity is a composite measure of residue toxicity, the number and species composition of insect colonists, and the mortal- ity factors (e.g. predation, parasitism, competition) associated with the co-occurrence of these species in the dung pat. VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fecal residues of Veterinary Parasiticides: nontarget effects in the Pasture environment JF - Annual Review of Entomology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Floate, K. D. A1 - Wardhaugh, Keith G. A1 - Boxall, Alistair B. A. A1 - Sherratt, Thomas N. SP - 153 EP - 179 KW - drugs KW - Dung KW - environmental consequences KW - excretion KW - livestock AB - Residues of veterinary parasiticides in dung of treated livestock have nontarget effects on dung-breeding insects and dung degradation. Here, we review the nature and extent of these effects, examine the potential risks associated with different classes of chemicals, and describe how greater awareness of these nontarget effects has resulted in regulatory changes in the registration of veterinary products. VL - 50 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae) Attracted to Fresh Cattle Dung in Wooded and Open Pasture JF - Community and Ecosystem Ecology Y1 - 1995 A1 - Galante, E. A1 - Mena, Javier A1 - Lumbreras, Carlos J. SP - 1063 EP - 1068 KW - cattle dung KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - ecology KW - habitat change mammals VL - 24 N1 - have copy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The diversity of soil communities, the 'poor man's tropical rainforest' JF - Biodiversity and Conservation Y1 - 1996 A1 - Giller, P. S. SP - 135 EP - 168 KW - biodiversity KW - burying beetles silphidae KW - coexistence KW - community ecology KW - competition KW - composition KW - Disturbance KW - Dung KW - ecological communities KW - forest KW - heterogeneity KW - maturity index KW - resource partitioning KW - soil communities KW - species KW - succe KW - temporal patterns AB - This paper reviews the various factors that facilitate the high biodiversity of soil communities, concentrating on soil animals. It considers the problems facing soil ecologists in the study of soil communities and identifies the important role such communities play in terrestrial ecosystems. The review also considers diversity and abundance patterns. A range of factors are identified that may contribute to the biodiversity of soil and their role is reviewed. These include diversity of food resources and trophic specialization, habitat favourableness, habitat heterogeneity in space and time, scale and spatial extent of the habitat, niche dynamics and resource partitioning, productivity, disturbance and aggregation. Biodiversity of soil organisms appears high, largely attributable to the nested set of ecological worlds in the soil - the relationship between the range of size groupings of soil organisms relative to the spatial heterogeneity perceived by these various groups - that provide a large 'area for life' for the micro- and mesofauna. The role of aggregation and how it relates to the spatial scale under consideration and to species interactions amongst soil animals is largely unknown at present. The role of disturbance is equivocal and man's activities more often than not seem to lead to a reduced biodiversity of soil communities. This paper also identifies areas where further work is desirable to improve our understanding of the structure and functioning of soil communities. 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ANAL BIOGEOGRAPHY, P91 WILSON DS, 1984, ECOL ENTOMOL, V9, P205 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE WOLDA H, 1987, ORG COMMUNITIES PAST, P69 WOOD TG, 1976, ROLE TERRESTRIAL AQU, P145 YEATES GW, 1987, BIOL FERT SOILS, V5, P225EnglishReviewTW705BIODIVERS CONSERV ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Beetle fauna associated with scats of Brown bear (Ursos arctos) from Trysil, South Norway JF - Norwegian Journal of Entomology Y1 - 1976 A1 - Mysterud, I. , Wiger, R. , 1976. Beetle fauna associated with scats of A1 - Brown bear (Ursus arctos) from Trysil, South Norway 1974. A1 - Norwegian Journal of Entomology 23, 1–5. SP - 1 EP - 5 KW - carnivore KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - food resources mammals KW - mammal KW - Scarabaeinae VL - 23 N1 - need copu ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Intra- and interspecific aggregation among dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in an Alpine pasture JF - Journal of Zoology Y1 - 1998 A1 - Palestrini, Claudia A1 - Barbero, Enrico A1 - Rolando, Antonio SP - 101 EP - 109 KW - aggregates KW - Dung KW - mate-finding KW - scarabeoid beetles VL - 245 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The effects of seasonal changes in cattle dung on egg production by two species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarbaeidae) in south-western Australia JF - Bulletin of Entomological Research Y1 - 1986 A1 - Ridsdill-Smith, T. J. SP - 63 EP - 68 KW - Australia KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - ecosystem services KW - egg development KW - egg production KW - flies KW - function KW - Seasonality VL - 76 N1 - have copy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Arthropods associated with bovine and equine dung in an ungrazedChihuahuan desert ecosystem JF - Annals of the Entomological Society of America Y1 - 1983 A1 - Schoenly, K SP - 790 EP - 796 KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - food KW - mammals mammals KW - resources VL - 76 N1 - have copy of book ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of adding exotic dung beetles to native fauna on bush fly breeding in the field JF - Entomophaga Y1 - 1991 A1 - Tyndale-Biscoe, M A1 - Vogt, W. G. SP - 395 EP - 401 KW - control KW - Dung KW - exotic Scarabaeinae KW - Musca vetustissima KW - native AB - Egg to pupal survival of bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker, under field conditions was examined during 1987/88 in an area of south-eastern Australia that had not been colonised by exotic dung beetles. In pads of cattle dung containing only the native fauna, fly survival ranged from 0.3 % to 12.5 %. The addition of 2 species of exotic dung beetles, Euoniticellus fulvus (Goeze) and Onthophagus taurus (Schreber) to field pads, in numbers similar to those observed at the collection site, reduced fly survival to between 0.3 % and 4.4 %. Fly survival in the presence of the native and exotic dung fauna was sufficiently low to keep fly VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Behavioral and morphological adaptations for a low-quality resource in semi-arid environments: dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) associated with the European rabbit (Oryctolagu cuniculus L.) JF - Journal of Natural History Y1 - 2004 A1 - Verdu, Jose A1 - Galante, E. SP - 705 EP - 715 KW - adaptation KW - arid ecosystem KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - endemism KW - mediterranean mammals KW - nesting behaviour KW - nesting pattern KW - rabbit VL - 38 N1 - digital and hard ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Laboratory studies on the feeding behavior of the putative dung beetle, Ateuchus histeroides (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) JF - Journal of the New York Entomological Society Y1 - 2006 A1 - Young, Orrey P. SP - 157 EP - 169 KW - Ateuchus histeroides KW - carrion KW - dead insects KW - Dung KW - longevity KW - progeny. KW - Scarabaeidae KW - starvation AB - Abstract.—Through a series of laboratory feeding trials, it was demonstrated that the putative dung beetle, Ateuchus histeroides Weber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a consumer of both vertebrate dung and insect carrion, and that it can produce progeny reared on either of those foods. There was no significant difference between the survival periods of adults maintained on either cow dung or dead insects, but both groups survived significantly longer than a group deprived of food. This is the first documentation of both dung and carrion feeding and subsequent progeny production for a member of this genus. VL - 114 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dung preference of the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus Fab (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae) from Kuwait JF - Journal Of Arid Environments Y1 - 1997 A1 - Al-Houty, Wasmia A1 - Al-Musalam, Faten SP - 511 EP - 516 KW - Dung KW - dung beetle KW - Kuwait KW - Scarabaeus cristatus AB - Adult dung beetles, Scarabaeus cristatus, consume the fluid components of dung and bury whole dung as food for their larvae. When dung from three herbivorous animals, horse, camel and sheep, was offered, the beetles preferred the more fluid horse dung to the others. Sheep dung was preferred to the camel dung. The dung of two carnivores, dog and fox, was also accepted but to a lesser extent than the herbivore dung. VL - 35 UR - ://A1997WQ58300012 N1 - digital copy ER -