@article {1399,
	title = {Dung Exploitation of the Dung Beetle Typhaeus-Typhoeus Coleoptera Geotrupidae},
	journal = {Oecologia Berlin},
	volume = {72},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	note = {requested 1/6},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {21-27},
	abstract = {This paper deals with the functional aspects of the exploitation of dung by the dung beetle Typhaeus typhoeus. In horizontal brood chambers of a nest in the soil these beetles make "dung sausages" chiefly from rabbit droppings, as a food source for the larvae. Their foraging behaviour was shown to be positively correlated with the occurrence of rainy periods. The beetles foraged more efficiently on clustered dung pellets than on dispersed ones. Body sizes of beetles were positively correlated with the lengths of the dung sausages from which they emerged. In laboratory experiments the lengths of the dung sausages made by a pair of beetles did not significantly differ within a wide range of frequencies of supply of various amounts of rabbit dung pellets, despite the longer time spent per dung sausage when less dung was supplied per unit of time. It is suggested that dung provisioning does not stop before the dung sausages have reached lengths (approximately 8.5-9.5 cm) anticipated by the lengths of the brood chambers. However, there appeared to be a critically low value between 1-2 and 4-5 dung pellets supplied per day, below which the finished dung sausages were significantly shorter (approximately 3.5 cm). When, at the places of settlement, dung was scarce near the nest entrances, the number of nests excavated by the beetles and, thus, the beetles{\textquoteright} physical effect on the soil, was shown to be higher than when dung was plentiful near the nest. The ecological and evolutionary consequences of the foraging behaviour by the beetles are discussed.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, ECOLOGY FORAGING EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR EVOLUTION RAINFALL, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Brussaard, L and Visser, W J F}
}
@article {1479,
	title = {Geographical Distribution of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Their Seasonal Activity in Southwestern Cape Province South Africa},
	journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {275-285},
	abstract = {A total of 30 species of dung beetles was recorded in indigenous shrubland near Langebaan and a pasture of Kikuyu grass near Paarl over a period of 13 months. These species were divided into 2 groups according to their distribution between the rainfall regions of southern Africa. Group 1, which was numerically dominant at Langebaan, was largely endemic to the winter and bimodal rainfall regions and was principally active during the winter rainy season in the south-western Cape. Group 2, which was numerically dominant at Paarl, was widespread in the winter, bimodal and summer rainfall regions and was principally active during the summer dry season and beginning of the rainy season in the south-western Cape. The potential of these beetles as control agents of the dung-breeding bush fly in south-western Australia is discussed.},
	keywords = {30 species bush fly rainfall biological control agent, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1745,
	title = {Dung Beetle Communities in the Aland Archipelago Finland},
	journal = {Acta Entomologica Fennica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing(Recd. 1984)Meeting19th scandinavian entomology conference, helsinki, finland, aug. 26 28, 1982. acta entomol fennEnglish},
	pages = {36-42},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Artiodactyls-, Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Chordata-, Chordates-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Mammalia-, Mammals-, Nonhuman-Mammals, Nonhuman-Vertebrat, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Hanski, I. and Kuusela, S.}
}
@article {1801,
	title = {Nocturnal Perching of Scarabaeine Dung Beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae in an Australian Tropical Rain Forest},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {51-57},
	abstract = {Wongabel, a northeastern Queensland tropical, wet, evergreen forest, contains 22 species of Scarabaeinae dung beetles. Five of these species were observed to perch commonly on leaves at night. Length of the beetle and the height of its perch were recorded for each of 561 specimens. Unlike the New World tropical dung beetle perchers, no clear evidence was found that small species perched closer to the ground than larger species. The evidence gathered, at least for the four most common perchers, supports the hypothesis that perching is one type of foraging strategy. The similarities and differences between the Australian and New World perchers are discussed.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, plant leaf body length perch height foraging strategy new world, Plantae-, Plants-},
	author = {Howden, H. F. and Howden, A. T. and Storey, R. I.}
}
@article {1806,
	title = {Changes in a Texas USA Dung Beetle Community between 1975 and 1985 Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing(Recd. 1987)ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {313-316},
	abstract = {A quantitative survey of dung beetles in May 1985 at Welder Wildlife Refuge, Sinton, Texas, resulted in 15 species with the two most common species, the introduced African Onthophagus gazella (Fab.) and the native O. alluvius H. \& C., comprising 49\% of the total samples. Neither of these was recorded during a similar survey 10 years previously. Three uncommon species recorded in the earlier survey were not taken in 1985. The appearance at Welder of O. gazella since 1975 illustrates a successful introduction, whereas the appearance of O. alluvius seems to be the effect of a well-documented increase in annual rainfall.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, onthophagus-gazella onthophagus-alluvius species diversity species abundance importation rainfall},
	author = {Howden, Henry F. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1814,
	title = {Dung pad residence time covaries with male morphology in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {1. The immigration and emigration behaviours of Onthophagus taurus were investigated in a combination of field and laboratory experiments to examine patterns of dispersal in this species. 2. On average, the mean proportion of major males immigrating to baited pitfall traps decreased significantly with time. In contrast, the mean proportion of minor males and females did not change with time. 3. The time taken to emigrate from a dung pad differed significantly among major males, minor males, and females. This difference arose because major males spent a significantly shorter period of time residing within the dung pad. On average, more than 50\% of major males had emigrated from the dung pads after 30 h, some 4 h earlier than minor males and females. 4. When the effects of body size were controlled, major males with longer horns were shown to have longer wings. Because major males spend more time in flight, longer wings may be an adaptation to more frequent dispersal. Alternatively, longer wings in major males may compensate for the production of aerodynamically costly horns.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-pad-residence-time, emigration-, immigration-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Tomkins, Joseph L.}
}
@article {1816,
	title = {Patterns of parental provisioning covary with male morphology in a horned beetle (Onthophagus taurus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {June, 1998ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {447-451},
	abstract = {Male dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus, are dimorphic for a secondary sexual trait, head horns. Horned males participate in the production of brood masses while hornless male do not. Here we examine the reproductive performance of females mated with males exhibiting alternative horn morphologies. We found that exposure to males may be costly for females in that it reduced the total number of brood masses produced. However, females paired with horned males produced significantly larger brood masses than females paired with hornless males or females producing broods alone. We discuss the possible selection pressures that may underly horn evolution in this genus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-dimorphism, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [horned-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-, parental-care-patter, Reproduction-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Simmons, Leigh W.}
}
@article {1817,
	title = {Maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {936-941},
	abstract = {Parents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, body-size, brood-mass, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Evolution-and-Adaptation, horn-: size-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-p, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W.}
}
@article {1917,
	title = {Modification in the dung beetles communities on highland grasslands of the Iberian Central System (Spain) along an altitudinal gradient},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie},
	number = {53},
	year = {1992},
	note = {1992ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {15-31},
	abstract = {The effect of a moderated altitudinal variation (500 m) on the dung beetle communities is studied in highland grasslands of the Iberian Central System. The more is the altitude the less is the richness of these communities. This decrease is more important in the warm south slope stations than in the north slope stations, since south slope grasslands are inhabited for a larger number of species with small populations, which are unable to colonize grasslands of the highest altitude. The Scarabaeidae species are the principal component of this latter group. However there is not an altitudinal variation in the abundance. In addition, north-slope dung beetle communities have a lesser number of species, but similar number of individuals and larger biomass. These results are in accordance with a density compensation pattern.},
	keywords = {altitudinal-distribution, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1920,
	title = {Diversity, biogeographical considerations and spatial structure of a recently invaded dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) community in the Chihuahuan desert},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {1996Research ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {342-352},
	abstract = {Analysis of the faunal composition and diversity of Mapimi dung beetle communities indicates that, while much poorer than those near the edges of the Chihuahuan desert, they may possibly have been even more so in the recent past, since at least four of the six captured species were introduced recently into North America. While their overall diversity and composition appear explicable in terms of historic and topographic factors, the regional variation in these communities between sample sites is argued to be a function of the interplay of the environmental requirements of the species and the quantity and quality of trophic resources available.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-, Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, J. M.}
}
@article {1921,
	title = {Species diversity and composition of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) assemblages in North America},
	journal = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {132},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {307-321},
	abstract = {Data from 18 studies carried out on dung beetles from temperate North America (north of 25degree latitude) are compared to verify the existence of some geographical pattern in the variation of three parameters: (1) species number, (2) taxonomic composition, and (3) number of introduced species. Southern localities are characterized by a larger number of species and a significantly higher number of scarabaeine species than northern localities (only southern communities located inside the Chihuahuan desert do not conform to this pattern). To explain the latitudinal pattern in faunistic composition and number of species, historical factors are postulated. Foreign species of the tribe Aphodiini seem to be more frequent in the northern localities where more aphodiine native species occur. In contrast, foreign species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are not more frequent in the southern localities with a greater number of native scarabaeine species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the more diverse assemblages of native dung beetle are more resistant to invasion by foreign species.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, biological-invasions, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetles (Coleoptera-), Insects-, introduced-species, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, North-America (Nearctic-region), species-diversity, taxonom},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1922,
	title = {Decline of roller dung beetle (Scarabaeinae) populations in the Iberian peninsula during the 20th century},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {97},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {43-50},
	abstract = {A historical compilation of data on roller dung beetle occurrence in the Iberian peninsula was examined for temporal changes between the first and second half of the 20th century. Analysis of changes in the relative frequency of database records, individuals and 10-km UTM cells where the beetles occurred showed a decline in the occurrence of nine of the eleven species. A comparison of latitudinal and longitudinal mid-points of the 10-km UTM cells where each species occurs indicated that the range of most roller dung beetles in the Iberian peninsula has also contracted. Before 1950 a significant, positive and curvilinear relationship was found between the number of roller dung beetles and the area of coastal environments (sea, dunes, beaches and marshes); while in the second half of the 20th century the number of "roller" species is positively correlated with artificial pastureland and scrub areas. It is suggested that urban development of the coastal zones for tourism since 1950 has probably contributed greatly to the disappearance of many roller populations. It is recommended that some of the more affected species of roller dung beetles should be considered for inclusion among protected invertebrates.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Palearctic, Population-Studies, roller-dung-beetle (Coleoptera-): Scarabaeinae-, Wildlife-Management (Conservation-)},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1924,
	title = {An intercontinental comparison of dung beetle diversity between two mediterranean-climatic regions: Local versus regional and historical influences},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {91-103},
	abstract = {The species richness of biological communities is influenced by both local ecological, regional ecological, and historical factors. The relative importance of these factors may be deduced by comparison between communities in climatically and ecologically equivalent, but geographically and historically separate regions of the world. This claim is based on the hypothesis that community processes driven by similar local ecological factors lead to convergence in species richness whereas those driven by differing regional or historical factors lead to divergence. An intercontinental comparison between the winter rainfall regions of South Africa and the Iberian Peninsula showed that overall species richness of dung beetles was dissimilar at local, subregional and regional scales in Scarabaeidae s. str. but similar at all scales in Aphodiinae. Removal of species widespread in the summer rainfall region of Africa or the temperate region of Europe (regional component) resulted in dissimilarit y in species richness of mediterranean endemics at all scales in both dung beetle taxa. However, the lines joining each set of species richness values were parallel which may indicate similarities in processes between different mediterranean climatic regions despite slight differences in latitudinal range. The dominant pattern of dissimilarity or non-convergence may be related primarily to intercontinental differences in regional biogeographical and evolutionary history (faunal dispersal, glaciation effects in relation to geographical barriers to dispersal, speciation history, long-term disturbance history). The limited pattern of similarity or convergence in overall species richness of Aphodiinae may be a chance result or primarily related to intercontinental similarities in local ecological factors.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Aphodiinae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Population-Studies, Scarabaeidae- (Coleoptera-)},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1939,
	title = {Diversity and spatial turnover of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidae) communities in a protected area of South Europe (Donana National Park, Huelva, Spain)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {71-88},
	abstract = {Diversity and spatial turnover of the spring dung beetle community of Donana National Park (Huelva, Spain), one of the most important wildlife reserves in the Mediterranean area, were examined. The entire dung beetle community is estimated to comprise around 68 species. Coastal dunes and marsh proved to be the most singular habitats within Donana Reserve. Response of Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae to habitat heterogeneity was different. Scarabaeidae fauna was highly homogeneous throughout the habitats whereas Aphodiidae showed higher rates of species turnover and some singular local communities, thus contributing to a greater extent to the regional diversity. Scarabaeidae family presents more ubiquitous species and lower values of beta diversity, so that its local and regional diversity converge. It is suggested that different adaptive strategies regard in resource partitioning (Scarabaeidae: tunnellers and ball-rollers; Aphodiidae: dwellers) can account for these differences. Although Donana National Park is home to a richer wild mammal fauna and non-human altered habitats, its dung beetle diversity is similar to that of other Spanish regions.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Aphodiidae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Donana-National-Park (Spain-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-): Scarabaeoidea-, Europe-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Palearctic-region):},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Sanmartin, Isabel and Martin, Piera Fermin}
}
@article {1958,
	title = {Changes in Resources Consequences for the Dynamics of Dung Beetle Communities},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {349-356},
	abstract = {1. The effects of a change from sheep to cattle grazing on dung beetle communities were studied under Mediterranean conditions. 2. Five years after the beginning of a change in the grazing regime, dung resources had increased by a factor of 3 and led to a 3-fold increase in beetle numbers and a 2.5-fold increase in biomass. 3. Marked re-adjustments towards a new equilibrium occurred in the dung beetle communities, with drastic changes in the relative frequencies of many species. Dwellers became dominant, coexisting with medium and large tunnellers. No significant changes in species composition occurred during the same period. 4. Mediterranean pasture ecosystems show a strong resilience allowing them to re-adjust rapidly to the processes of recycling organic matter.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, sheep cattle coleoptera biomass mediterranean pasture ecosystem},
	author = {Lumaret, J. P. and Kadiri, N. and Bertrand, M.}
}
@article {1591,
	title = {Howler Monkeys Alouatta-Palliata Dung Beetles Scarabaeidae and Seed Dispersal Ecological Interactions in the Tropical Rain Forest of Los Tuxtlas Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {459-474},
	abstract = {The dispersal of seeds by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and the activity of dung beetles in modulating the fate of the dispersed seed were studied at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Howlers consumed the fruits of 35 species of plants. The seeds of 28 of these were dispersed by the monkeys. The majority (.gtoreq. 90\%) of the seeds dispersed by monkeys were destroyed by rodents. Rapid relocation and burial of dung by dung beetles resulted in accidental relocation and burial of large number of seeds shortly after deposition. Faecal clumps (20 mg) remained on the ground for an average of only 2.5 h (range 1-3 h). Ball rolling beetles transported balls up to 5.0 m from the site of deposition (range 1-5 m). Burrowing and ball-rolling dung beetles buried seeds at depths ranging from 2.5 to > 12.0 cm. The deeper a seed is buried, the less likely it is to be found and eaten by rodents. Eighty percent of the species used by Alouatta as sources of fruit at Los Tuxtlas benefited by the dispersal and post dispersal service provided by howlers and dung beetles respectively. Seasonality in dung beetles abundance in the forest may influence the number of seeds per species escaping post-dispersal predation during the year. Dung beetles play not only an important ecological role in the recycling of matter and energy in the ecosystem, but also in the process of rain forest regeneration.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Cebidae-: Primates-, Chordata-, Chordates-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Mammalia-, Mammals-, Nonhuman-Mammals, Nonhuman-Primates, Nonhuman-Vertebrat, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond}
}
@article {1602,
	title = {The use of indicator groups for measuring biodiversity as related to community structure and function},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie},
	number = {72},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Dec., 1997Literature ReviewEnglish},
	pages = {1-25},
	abstract = {In this study we discuss the reasons for using indicator groups to measure biodiversity at the species level ("organismal diversity" sensu Harper and Hawksworth). We further explore our previous proposals for the use of dung beetles belonging to the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Insecta: Coleoptera) as an indicator group for studying the types of communities found in tropical forests and derived formations, particularly those created by human activity. We present a method for obtaining quantifiable information that allows comparative studies to be done, as well as an analysis of the effects of human activities that result in the alteration, fragmentation and destruction of natural communities. Although emphasis is placed on the indicator group and the communities selected, we propose that this analysis of biodiversity can be used with other groups and in different community types. The arguments we present for the use of indicator groups can be applied to different ways of studying biodiversity at the species level, however this study focuses on presenting appropriate methodology for ecological analysis; that is, for the study of local biodiversity as an element for the interpretation of community structure and function.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetles, ecological-analysis: analytical-method, human, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Methods-and-Techniques, Scarabaeinae- (Coleoptera-): indicator-group},
	author = {Favila, Mario E and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1669,
	title = {Comparison of Spatial Distribution Patterns of Dung-Feeding Scarabs Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Geotrupidae in Wooded and Open Pastureland in the Mediterranean Dehesa Area of the Iberian Peninsula},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {90-97},
	abstract = {The seasonal and spatial distributions of dung-feeding scarabs in an open pastureland and in wooded (holm oak) pastureland in a typical Mediterranean area of the western part of the Iberian Peninsula (Salamanca) were compared. Six pitfall traps baited with bovine dung were placed in each habitat according to a model by J. P. Lumaret. Only beetles in the families Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae were studied because they are the most for 1 yr produced 6,909 specimens. Of the 18 species found, the largest beetles and biomass were concentrated mainly in the wooded habitat, especially in the summer. This constitutes a problem for dung removal because large amounts of dung remain in open pasturelands, possibly resulting in the impoverishment of such areas.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung elimination seasonal distribution trapping, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Galante, E. and Garcia, Roman M. and Barrera, I. and Galindo, P.}
}
@article {2033,
	title = {Proximate determination of male horn dimorphism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Jan., 1999ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {27-37},
	abstract = {The existence of discrete phenotypic variation within one sex poses interesting questions regarding how such intrasexual polymorphisms are produced and modified during the course of evolution. Approaching these kinds of questions requires insights into the genetic architecture underlying a polymorphism and an understanding of the proximate mechanisms determining phenotype expression. Here we explore the genetic underpinnings and proximate factors influencing the expression of beetle horns - a dramatic sexually selected trait exhibiting intramale dimorphism in many species. Two relatively discrete male morphs are present in natural populations of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini). Males exceeding a critical body size develop a pair of long, curved horns on their heads, while those smaller than this critical body size remain essentially hornless. We present results from laboratory breeding experiments designed to assess the relative importance of inherited and environmental factors as determinants of male morphology. Using father-son regressions, our findings demonstrate that horn length and body size of male progeny are not predicted from paternal morphology. instead, natural variation in an environmental factor, the amount of food available to larvae, determined both the body sizes exhibited by males as adults and the presence or absence of horns. The nonlinear scaling relationship between the body size and horn length of males bred in the laboratory did not differ from the pattern of variation present in natural populations, suggesting that nutritional conditions account for variation in male morphology in natural populations as well. We discuss our results by extending ideas proposed to explain the evolution of conditional expression of alternative phenotypes in physically heterogeneous environments toward incorporating facultative expression of secondary sexual traits. We use this synthesis to begin characterizing the potential origin and subsequent evolution of facultative horn expression in onthophagine beetles.},
	keywords = {allometry-, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, body-size, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Evolution-and-Adaptation, horn-dimorphism, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, mor, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): male-, Population-Studies},
	author = {Moczek, A. P. and Emlen, D. J.}
}
@article {2048,
	title = {Nesting and life-cycle of Sulcophanaeus menelas (Laporte, 1840) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Elytron Barcelona},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1996},
	note = {1996ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {11-22},
	abstract = {Sulcophanaeus menelas is a common dung beetle in Uruguay. Its life cycle and nesting behaviour are determined in the laboratory. Morphological descriptions of the larvae and the pupae are also included.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, larva-, life-cycle, Neotropical-region), Population-Studies, pupae-, Sulcophanaeus-menelas (Coleoptera-): Scarabaeidae-, Uruguay- (South-America},
	author = {Morelli, Enrique and Gonzalez, Vainer Patricia and Canziani, Cecilia}
}
@article {2067,
	title = {Habitat Associations and Community Analysis of South Texas Dung Beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeinae},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticle},
	pages = {138-147},
	abstract = {Baited pitfall traps were used to sample the Scarabaeinae dung beetle fauna in 6 habitats in south Texas [USA]. Habitats were defined according to their soil and vegetative cover characteristics. Most of the 19 scarab species [Canthon imitator, C. pilularis, C. cyanellus, C. vigilans, Glaphyrocanthon viridis, Boreocanthon ebenus, Melanocanthon bispinatus, Pseudocanthon perplexus, Atenchus histeroides, Copris fricator, C. remotus, Phanaeus difformis, Onthophagus orpheus, O. hecate, O. pennsylvanicus, O. oklahomensis, O. medorensis, O. shaefferi, Boreocanthon probus] collected displayed marked associations with a particular soil type (sand or clay) and (or) cover (shade or open). The result is the existence of distinct communities of coprophagous beetles, which differ in their species composition, species-abundance relations and efficiency of dung removal. A discussion of the evolution of these habitat associations and the ecological implications for pasture ecosystems is included.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Plantae-, Plants-, usa canthon-imitator canthon-pilularius canthon-cyanellus canthon-vigilans glaphypocanthon-virids boreocanthon-ebenus melanoc},
	author = {V. G. Nealis}
}
@article {2154,
	title = {The Role of Dung Beetles in Nature and in the Economy},
	journal = {Przeglad Zoologiczny},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing(Recd. 1981)ArticlePolish},
	pages = {431-438},
	abstract = {The influence of dung beetles on environment is studied. The acceleration of organic matter circulation as a result of burying the dung into the soil by the beetles is of principal importance. The mechanical effects of beetles activity in the soil is also beneficial. The dung beetles are a very important factor in controlling coprophagic fly populations. The practical utilization of dung beetles to control dung pollution in Australia is discussed.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, coprophagic fly biological control soil effect dung pollution australia, Diptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-},
	author = {Rojewski, C.}
}
@article {2182,
	title = {Male participation in nest building in the dung beetle Scarabaeus catenatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Mating effort versus paternal effort},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior.},
	volume = {11},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {833-843},
	abstract = {The dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus, shows not only the rolling but also the tunneling tactic for nest building with bisexual cooperation. Sex roles, however, differed between the tactics. In rolling, the male took in initiative like that of ball-roller species: he rolled a dung ball away and buried it. In tunneling, in contrast, the male usually had a secondary role like that of tunnelers: he was less active in burrow excavation and provisioning. Regardless of the tactics, male participation did not increase female reproductive output measured by the number or size of brood balls in the field, but seemed to function as mate guarding against conspecific males. This suggests that, in both tactics, the male S. catenatus invests primarily in mating effort compared with paternal effort. The relative importance of mating effort in male participation seems to hold true in other dung beetles, irrespective of whether they are ball-roller or tunneler species. In addition, the male matingstrategy of S. catenatus is compared with that of other ball-rollers.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-rolling, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-participation, mating-effort, nes, nest-building, Scarabaeus-catenatus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Sato, Hiroaki}
}
@article {2209,
	title = {Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the diptera},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingLiterature ReviewEnglish},
	pages = {179-197},
	abstract = {Spiders, dung-feeding scarabs, social, and prey-storing insects provide predictable and concentrated sources of food for a variety of thief flies (kleptoparasites) and their larvae. Whenever waiting in the vicinity of the "host" for an opportunity to exploit its resources is more energy efficient and less dangerous than foraging among hosts, a number of intimate relationships between the fly and host may evolve. In extreme cases, flies may become long-term phoretic associates that travel with hosts even while the latter is in flight. The behaviors and ecologies of kleptoparasitic Diptera are reviewed with special attention paid to the adaptations of Sphaeroceridae phoretic upon Scarabaeidae. The mating systems of kleptoparasitic flies are influenced by the type of resource that is stolen; flies associated with predators are mostly female, while those found on scarabs are of both sexes. These differences are discussed in terms of mate location, sperm competition, and mate choice.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Diptera- (Diptera-), Diptera-: Insecta-, Environmental-Sciences), Evolution-and-Adaptation, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, kleptoparasitism-, m, mate-choice, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Sivinski, John and Marshall, Steve and Petersson, Erik}
}
@article {2287,
	title = {Two species of Canthon Hoffmannsegg feed  on dead and live invertebrates},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	note = {have copy-need to scan},
	pages = {101-104},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food mammals, Invertebrates-, resources},
	author = {Villalobos, J. and D{\'\i}az, A and Favila, M.}
}
@article {2344,
	title = {An annotated list of the arthropods found in burrows of the Florida Gopher Tortise (Gopherus polyphemus) (Daudin)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1939},
	note = {have copy, need to scan},
	pages = {53-62},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, Invertebrates-, mammals, reptile, resource},
	author = {Young, F. N and Goff, C. C}
}
