@article {1464,
	title = {Dispersal of dung containing ivermectin in the field by Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {119-123},
	abstract = {Fifty-five species of exotic dung beetles have been introduced into Australia and in many areas, several species are now established and often abundant. Controversy exists in the dung beetle literature concerning the use of ivermectin as an anthelmintic treatment for livestock and its subsequent lethal and sub-lethal effects on adult dung beetles. Astudy was conducted in the field exposing replicate dung pats containing residues of ivermectin excreted 0{\textendash}15 days post-injection. At the time of the study, the introduced species of dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Schreber) was present in high numbers (>1000 beetles per pat). After 24h exposure, dung pats collected from cattle treated 7 and 10 days earlier with ivermectin were dispersed significantly less than untreated dung. Asimilar pattern was evident in the numbers of dung beetles present in each pat. This study is discussed in the context of anthelmintic usage in cattle and their potential ecotoxic effects against dung beetles.},
	author = {Dadour, I. R. and Cook, D. F. and Neesam, C.}
}
@article {1532,
	title = {The Habitat Preference of Some Bovine Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in Hluhluwe Game Reserve, South-Africa},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	note = {RJ422BULL ENTOMOL RES},
	pages = {357-371},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1983RJ42200001},
	author = {Doube, B. M.}
}
@article {1539,
	title = {A Comparison of 2 Types of Trap for Sampling Dung Beetle Populations (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	note = {ED064BULL ENTOMOL RES},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {259-263},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1990ED06400004},
	author = {Doube, B. M. and Giller, P. S.}
}
@article {1543,
	title = {The Effect of the Activity of the African Dung Beetle Catharsius-Tricornutus Degeer (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) on the Survival and Size of the African Buffalo Fly, Haematobia- Thirouxi-Potanz (Bezzi) (Diptera, Muscidae), in Bovine Dung in the Laboratory},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {78},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	note = {M4310BULL ENTOMOL RES},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {63-73},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1988M431000006},
	author = {Doube, B. M. and F. Moola}
}
@article {1545,
	title = {A comparison of two types of traps for sampling dung beetle populations (Coleoptera: SCarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {80},
	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {259-263},
	author = {Doube_Guiller_1990_Bull_Entom_Res_80_259-263}
}
@article {1813,
	title = {Effects of introduced dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) on the breeding and abundance of the Australian bushfly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae).},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {68},
	year = {1978},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {361-372},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, ecosystem services, flies, parasite control},
	author = {Hughes, R. D and Tyndale-Biscoe, M and Walker, J}
}
@article {1830,
	title = {Adverse effects of ivermectin on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, and rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky and Copris acutidens Motschulsky (coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in Japan},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {619-625},
	abstract = {Effects of the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, 1867 and the rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky, 1860 and Copris acutidens Motschulsky, 1860 were studied in laboratory and field experiments in Hokkaido, Japan. Ivermectin was detected in dung from 1 to 21 or 28 days following treatment, with a peak on the first day after treatment in two pour-on administrations (500 mg kgx1), although there were considerable differ- ences between the two peaks. In C. jessoensis, brood balls constructed by the female were not reduced in the dung of treated cattle except for seven days after treatment in experiment 2. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean weight of brood balls between dung from treated and control cattle. However, the emergence rates were significantly reduced in dung 1{\textendash}3 days after treatment. In the field study, brood balls constructed by C. jessoensis were more abundant in dung from treated cattle in experiment 1, but adult emergence was significantly reduced at one and seven days after treatments. Adult mortality of C. ochus Motschulsky at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 11.1\% in dung from control cattle with 22 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 84\% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls and/or ovipositioning. Also, in C. acutidens Motschulsky, adult mortality at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 3.6\% in dung from control cattle with 13 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 94.1\% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls or ovipositioning. The environmental risk in the use of ivermectin during breeding period of dung beetles in pasture is discussed. },
	keywords = {dung beetle, IVERMECTIN, Japan},
	author = {Iwasa, M. and Maruo, T. and Ueda, M. and Yamashita, N.}
}
@article {1891,
	title = {Survival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {543-548},
	abstract = {Cattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adult E. intermedius exposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80\% and 100\%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility of E. intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of E. intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Lukhele, O. M. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1896,
	title = {Effects of cattle treatment with a cypermethrin/cymiazol spray on survival and reproduction of the dung beetle species Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {597-603},
	abstract = {In a bioassay to determine non-target ecotoxicological effects of a pyrethroid spray (Ektoban1) on dung beetles, dung from both cypermethrin/cymiazol- treated and control cattle was collected one, two, three, five, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment and fed to a treatment and control group (respectively) of beetles of the species Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). This was done to assess whether a spray formulation of cypermethrin may affect dung beetles differently than previously tested pour-on formulations. Following three beetle generations for two weeks each, the experiment retrieved no significant differences in adult or larval survival, egg production, fecundity and fertility between the control and treatment group. These results demonstrated that the used spray formulation of cypermethrin is likely to be far less detrimental to dung beetles than previously tested pour-ons.},
	keywords = {antiparasiticide, cymiazol, cypermethrin, Dung beetles, ecotoxicological effect, Euoniticellus intermedius, pyrethroid},
	author = {Kryger, U. and Deschodt, C. and Davis, A. L. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1910,
	title = {Cow-dung colonization and decomposition following insect exclusion},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {315-322},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000238201200012},
	author = {Lee, C. M. and Wall, R.}
}
@article {1606,
	title = {Aspects of the Population-Dynamics of Adults of Haematobia-Thirouxi-Potans (Bezzi) (Diptera, Muscidae) in Southern-Africa},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {77},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	note = {need},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {135-144},
	keywords = {dipetera, dung beetle, fly control, function, parasites, service},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1987G588000015 },
	author = {Fay, H. A. C. and Doube, B. M.}
}
@article {1607,
	title = {Impact of fauna on mortality and size of Haematobia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in dung pads in Australia and South Africa},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research },
	volume = {80},
	year = {1990},
	note = {have copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {385-392},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecosystem services dung beetle, flies, parasite control},
	author = {Fay, H. A. C. and Macqueen, A. and Doube, B. M. and Kerr, J. D}
}
@article {1648,
	title = {Off-target effects of ivermectin on insects and on dung degradation in southern Alberta, Canada},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {88},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {25-35},
	abstract = {Insect activity was significantly reduced in dung from cattle treated with a recommended topical dose (500 },
	author = {Floate, K. D.}
}
@article {1649,
	title = {Does a repellent effect contribute to reduced levels of insect activity in dung from cattle treated with ivermectin?},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {88},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {291-297},
	abstract = {A two-year pitfall trapping study was performed to test the preference of coprophilous beetles (Hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae) for dung from untreated cattle versus dung from cattle treated topically one or four weeks previously with a recommended dose of ivermectin in a pour-on formulation. In 1994, significantly more Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus) and A. distinctus (O.F. Mu ̈ ller) at each of two sites were collected with dung from treated cattle. No differences were detected for other taxa. In 1995, significantly fewer individuals of ten taxa, including A. fimetarius and A. distinctus , were collected with dung from treated cattle. No differences were detected for other taxa. A change in cattle diet may have altered levels of faecal residues, thereby changing beetle preferences between years. Comparisons between periods of spring and autumn activity identified a change in seasonal preferences for at least some species. Similar numbers of Onthophagus nuchicornis Linnaeus and of A. fimetarius were collected in spring with dung from treated or untreated cattle, but significantly more individuals of both taxa were collected in autumn with dung from untreated cattle. In contrast, the preference of Aphodius prodromus Brahm for dung from treated cattle was unchanged between spring and autumn. These results show that ivermectin therapy does influence the colonization of dung from treated cattle. However, the nature of this influence is confounded by extraneous factors. Until such time that these factors can be accounted for, general predictions regarding the effect of ivermectin therapy on the colonization of dung by coprophilous insects are premature. },
	author = {Floate, K. D.}
}
@article {1653,
	title = {Reductions of non-pest insects in dung of cattle treated with endectocides: a comparison of four products},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {471-481},
	abstract = {Pour-on formulations of four endectocide products were compared to assess the effect of faecal residues on insects developing in naturally-colonized dung of treated cattle. In each of three independent experiments, suppression of insects was associated with application of doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin, but no effect was observed for moxidectin. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, suppression of insects was observed for each compound, with the least effect being observed for moxidectin. Based on the number of species affected and duration of suppression, doramectin > ivermectin > eprinomectin >> moxidectin were ranked in descending order of adverse effect. Asecond set of three independent experiments was performed to assess the effect of endectocide treatment on dung degradation. Delayed degradation was observed for dung of cattle treated with doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin in the first experiment. No effect of treatment was detected in the second experiment. An effect of moxidectin was detected in the third experiment, but differences could not be detected with subsequent post-hoc tests. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, delayed degradation was detected only for eprinomectin. The apparent discrepancy between the low effect of moxidectin on insects versus its effect of dung degradation suggests the confounding action of other unidentified factors. Results of the current study indicate that use of moxidectin is least likely to affect the natural assemblage of insects associated with cattle dung.},
	author = {Floate, K. D. and Colwell, D. D. and Fox, A. S.}
}
@article {1654,
	title = {Indirect effects of ivermectin residues across trophic levels: Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {225-229},
	abstract = {Common house flies, Musca domesticaLinnaeus, were reared to pupation with exposure to ivermectin, washed, and then exposed to parasitism by Muscidifurax zaraptorKogan \& Legner. Pupae exposed to >=0.25 ppm ivermectin produced 63\% fewer parasitoids than did control pupae. Pupae exposed to 0.01 ppm ivermectin produced 23\% more parasitoids. Exposure to 0.10 ppm ivermectin had no detectable effect. Treatments did not affect the developmental time of male or female F 1parasitoids. Treatments did not affect the production of adult F2progeny by F 1 females, nor the sex ratios of these offspring. This study documents an indirect effect of ivermectin residues across trophic levels. It identifies altered host quality as another mechanism by which faecal residues of ivermectin may affect insect activity in dung of treated cattle. The importance of this phenomenon under field conditions is undetermined. },
	author = {Floate, K. D. and Fox, A. S.}
}
@article {2134,
	title = {Stages of bush fly, Musca vetustissima (Diptera: Muscidae), killed by scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in unfavourable cattle dung},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {80},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {473-478},
	keywords = {bush flies, dung beetle, Dung beetles, ecological function, ecosystem service, parasite},
	author = {Ridsdill-Smith, J. and Hayles, L.}
}
@article {2135,
	title = {Mortality of eggs and larvae of the bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), caused by Scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) in favourable cattle dung},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1987},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {731-736},
	keywords = {cattle, dung beetle, Dung beetles, ecological function, ecosystem service, flies, parasite},
	author = {Ridsdill-Smith, T and Hayles, L.}
}
@article {2136,
	title = {The effects of seasonal changes in cattle dung on egg production by two species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarbaeidae) in south-western Australia},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1986},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {63-68},
	keywords = {Australia, Dung, dung beetle, ecosystem services, egg development, egg production, flies, function, Seasonality},
	author = {Ridsdill-Smith, T. J.}
}
@article {2142,
	title = {Field assessments of the impact of night-flying dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Australia},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1984},
	note = {julio has hard copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {191-195},
	keywords = {competition, dung beetle dung beetle, flies},
	author = {Ridsdill-Smith, T. J. and Matthiessen, J. N.}
}
@article {2145,
	title = {Bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae) control in relation to season abundance of scarabaeinae dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in south-western Australia},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {78},
	year = {1988},
	note = {need},
	pages = {633-639},
	keywords = {biocontrol, biological control, control, dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, fly},
	author = {Ridsdill{\textendash}Smith, T. J. and Matthiessen, J. N.}
}
@article {2217,
	title = {Niche separation in coprophagous beetles: a comparison of two multivariate approaches},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {87},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {625-631},
	abstract = {Coprophagous beetles (endocoprid and paracoprid Scarabaeidae, Hydrophili- dae, and Staphylinidae) were extracted from 698 sheep droppings from a pasture in southwest Germany. To quantify the pairwise niche overlap of these species, pairwise discriminant function analysis was used to calculate the overlap of the discriminant distributions in a four-dimensional niche space. Niche separation was studied considering the following four factors: season (month) and macrohabitat when and where the dropping was deposited, dropping size, and water content of the dropping. Multiple discriminant function analysis was used to describe the distribution of species in a space defined by four discriminant functions. The first discriminant function was mostly influenced by the factor {\textquoteleft}season{\textquoteright}. The importance of different factors for niche separation in different functional groupings of dung beetles is compared with results from the literature. Advantages and disadvantages of pairwise and multiple discriminant function analysis, and univariate evaluation methods are compared. The following problems and restrictions of discriminant function analyses are emphasized: (i) the usage of non-numerical variables; (ii) the calculation of niche breadths; (iii) failures, when bimodally distributed variables are considered; and (iv) the ecological interpretation of statistical significances.},
	author = {Sowig, P}
}
@article {2241,
	title = {Mechanized extraction of arthropods from cattle dung},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {239-246},
	abstract = {Ecological, population and community studies of arthropod fauna inhabiting dung require large-scale quantitative data to produce statistically adequate results. A mechanized extraction technique is described which recovers fauna accurately and rapidly from large numbers of cattle dung pads. The equipment comprises a motor-driven paddle which agitates the dung sample in a bucket with fine mesh panels inlaid into its walls and through which is passed a continuous flow of water. An electric motor drives five such units simultaneously. Most dipteran puparia and adult arthropods float on water and are recovered following the washing. Puparia are recovered manually, while mites and adult beetles are extracted from the floating debris with heat in modified Berlese-TulIgren funnels. The wash bucket and its drained contents are then immersed in a flotation vat through which a sodium carbonate solution is recirculated. Insect eggs and larvae are floated off into sieves and rinsed before preservation. The resulting samples are fixed and preserved in 70\% ethanol for later identification and counting. The procedure recovered 70-90\% of most types and stages of dung fauna. Up to 25 complete dung pads can be processed per day with a team of three people. },
	author = {Sutherst, R. W. and Macqueen, A. and Kelley, B. M. and Stegeman, D. A. and Asher, K. G. and Tozer, R. S.}
}
@article {2252,
	title = {An ecological study of an Australian dung beetle, Onthophagus granulatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), using physiological age-grading techniques},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {71},
	year = {1981},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {137{\textendash}152},
	keywords = {dung beetle, mammals},
	author = {Tyndale-Biscoe, M and Wallace, M. M and Walker, J. M}
}
@article {2255,
	title = {Modelled impact of insecticide-contaminated dung on the abundance and distribution of dung fauna},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {251-263},
	abstract = {Deterministic models assessed the effects that contaminated dung from insecticide-treated cattle had on populations of three hypothetical species of dung fauna that dispersed randomly and could double their numbers every 1{\textendash}28 weeks at low density. Insecticide was allowed to kill 2{\textendash}98\% of adults and prevent 16{\textendash}100\% of breeding in pats produced immediately after cattle treatment, with toxicity declining to <1\% in pats produced 2{\textendash}23 days later. Treatment intervals were 10{\textendash}40 days. The modelled impact of insecticide was affected little by approximately four-fold variations in: length and density dependence of the attractive life span of pats, frequency of pat occupation by immature adults, distribution of pat toxicity during treatment interval, and changes in dispersal rates due to age and population density. Of greater importance were variations in: pat toxicity, treatment interval, frequency of pat occupation by breeding adults, density dependence of recruitment and death, natural adversity and mortality in dormancy, general rate of dispersal, and the size and shape of the area with treated cattle. Overall, it seemed that wide variations in the impact of contamination will occur in the field, but in many situations the risk to dung fauna can be substantial, especially for slow breeding beetles, and muscoids contacting insecticide on cattle. Risk extends outside the treated areas, for a distance equal to several daily displacements of the insects. Untreated refuges for species survival should be compact blocks at least 25 daily displacements wide. },
	author = {Vale, G. A. and Grant, I. F.}
}
@article {2256,
	title = {Biological and chemical assays of pyrethroids in cattle dung},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {273-282},
	abstract = {Bioassays were developed in Zimbabwe to measure pyrethroid in cattle dung. These and chemical assays then estimated concentrations in dung from treated oxen and elucidated risks to dung fauna. Laboratory bioassays with adult beetles (Histeridae and Scarabaeinae, including Copris, Digitonthophagus, Onitis and Sisyphusspp.) and muscoid larvae (Musca lusoriaWiedemann) indicated that the LC50 of pyrethroids, as ppm in the wet weight, averaged 0.04 for deltamethrin pour-on, 0.25 for deltamethrin dip, 0.22 for alphacypermthrin pour-on, 0.10 for cyfluthrin pour-on, 0.23 for cypermethrin dip and 0.63 for flumethrin dip. Field bioassays involved artificial dung pats of 800 g, deployed in woodland and inspected after 24 h to record insects dead and alive. Beetles were most abundant in the wet season. Muscoid larvae were less seasonal. The LC50 of insecticides in the field confirmed laboratory indications. Adult Diptera(muscoids and Sepsidae) were not repelled or killed until the deltamethrin concentration reached 10 ppm. Pat dispersal by dung fauna and termites (Microtermes spp.) was halved by deltamethrin at 0.1{\textendash}1 ppm. Scavenging of dead beetles by ants was greatest with small beetles (< 15mm long) uncontaminated with insecticide. Dips and pour-ons of deltamethrin on cattle gave residues of about 0.01{\textendash}0.1 ppm in dung produced in the fortnight after application. About 1.6\% of the deltamethrin applied was transferred to dung. Deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin in dung showed no detectable degradation in 64 days. Contamination levels threaten populations of slow-breeding beetles.},
	author = {Vale, G. A. and Grant, I. F. and Dewhurst, C. F. and Aigreau, D.}
}
@article {2304,
	title = {Attempts to measure the influence of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the field mortality of the bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae) in south-eastern Australia},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1983},
	note = {interlibrary loan 1/5 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {33-44},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecosystem services dung beetle, parasite control},
	author = {Wallace, M. M. H. and Tyndale-Biscoe, M}
}
