@article {1453,
	title = {Ecophysiology, range contraction and survival of a geographically restricted African dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {have a copy},
	pages = {30-39},
	keywords = {desiccation resistance, endemism, flight activity, flightless, scarab beetle, thermoregulation},
	author = {Chown, S. L. and Scholtz, C. H. and Klok, C. J. and Joubert, F. J. and Coles, K. S.}
}
@article {1460,
	title = {Lunar orientation in a beetle},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {271},
	number = {1537},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 39Cited References:      ABLE KP, 1980, ANIMAL MIGRATION ORI, P283     ABLE KP, 1989, J EXP BIOL, V141, P241     BAKER RR, 1987, ANIM BEHAV, V35, P94     BATSCHELET E, 1981, CIRCULAR STAT BIOL     BISCH SM, 1999, THESIS RHEINISCHEN F     BLUM M, 2000, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V186, P119     BRINES ML, 1982, J EXP BIOL, V96, P69     BYRNE M, 2003, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V189, P411     DACKE M, 1999, NATURE, V401, P470     DACKE M, 2002, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V188, P211     DACKE M, 2003, J EXP BIOL, V206, P1535     DACKE M, 2003, NATURE, V424, P33     FERGUSON DE, 1965, COPEIA, V1, P58     FREAKE MJ, 1999, J EXP BIOL, V202, P1159     GAL J, 2001, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V106, P22647     HERZMANN D, 1989, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V165, P315     JANDER R, 1957, Z VERGL PHYSIOL, V40, P162     KERFOOT WB, 1967, ANIM BEHAV, V15, P479     LABHART T, 1980, J COMP PHYSL, V141, P19     LABHART T, 1986, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V158, P1     LABHART T, 1999, MICROSC RES TECHNIQ, V47, P368     LABHART T, 2001, J EXP BIOL, V204, P2423     LEUTHOLD RH, 1976, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V1, P127     MCINTYRE P, 1998, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V183, P45     NILSSON DE, 1987, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V161, P645     PARDI L, 1954, Z TIERPSYCHOL, V11, P175     SNYDER AW, 1973, J COMP PHYSL, V83, P331     SOTTHIBANDHU S, 1979, ANIM BEHAV, V27, P786     STRUTT JW, 1871, PHILOS MAG, V41, P107     TONGIORGI P, 1970, B MUS NAT HIST NATUR, V41, P243     UGOLINI A, 1996, BEHAV PROCESS, V36, P151     UGOLINI A, 1999, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V184, P9     UGOLINI A, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P749     UGOLINI A, 2003, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V270, P279     WATERMAN TH, 1981, HDB SENSORY PHYSL, V7, P281     WEHNER R, 1975, J COMP PHYSL, V104, P225     WEHNER R, 1984, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V29, P277     WEHNER R, 1989, J EXP BIOL, V146, P63     WEHNER R, 1994, FORTSCHR ZOOL, V39, P103EnglishArticlePROC ROY SOC LONDON SER B775EV},
	month = {Feb 22},
	pages = {361-365},
	abstract = {Many animals use the sun{\textquoteright}s polarization pattern to orientate, but the dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus is the only animal so far known to orientate using the million times dimmer polarization pattern of the moonlit sky. We demonstrate the relative roles of the moon and the nocturnal polarized-light pattern for orientation. We find that artificially changing the position of the moon, or hiding the moon{\textquoteright}s disc from the beetle{\textquoteright}s field of view, generally did not influence its orientation performance. We thus conclude that the moon does not serve as the primary cue for orientation. The effective cue is the polarization pattern formed around the moon, which is more reliable for orientation. Polarization sensitivity ratios in two photoreceptors in the dorsal eye were found to be 7.7 and 12.9, similar to values recorded in diurnal navigators. These results agree with earlier results suggesting that the detection and analysis of polarized skylight is similar in diurnal and nocturnal insects.},
	keywords = {beetles, compass, compound eye, crickets, dorsal rim area, Dung, dung beetle, light, moon, orientation, pattern, polarization, sandhoppers, Scarabaeus zambesianus, sensitivity, skylight polarization patterns, vision},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000189028500005},
	author = {Dacke, M. and Byrne, M. J. and Scholtz, C. H. and Warrant, E. J.}
}
@article {1497,
	title = {A comparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) from southern Africa: further caveats when inferring adaptation},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {46},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 73Cited References:      ANDREWARTHA HG, 1954, DISTRIBUTION ABUNDAN     AYRES MP, 1994, ECOL MONOGR, V64, P465     BERRIGAN D, 1997, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V118, P1301     BLOCK W, 1977, J EXP BIOL, V68, P69     BULLOCK TH, 1955, BIOL REV, V30, P311     CHAPPELL MA, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P126     CHOWN SL, 1999, BIOL REV, V74, P87     CHOWN SL, 1998, CAN J ZOOL, V76, P1123     CHOWN SL, 1997, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V70, P116     COSSINS AR, 1987, TEMPERATURE BIOL ANI     CRAFFORD JE, 1993, POLAR BIOL, V13, P411     CUSHMAN JH, 1993, OECOLOGIA, V95, P30     DJAWDAN M, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P828     DONAHAYE E, 1993, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V18, P247     DONAHAYE E, 1992, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V17, P219     EDNEY EB, 1977, ZOOPHYSIOLOGY ECOLOG, V9     EDWARDS PB, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P527     GARLAND T, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P797     GIBBS AG, 1997, J EXP BIOL, V200, P1821     HADLEY NF, 1985, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V80, P307     HADLEY NF, 1994, WATER BALANCE TERRES     HARVEY PH, 1991, COMP METHOD EVOLUTIO     HODKINSON ID, 1997, ECOL ENTOMOL, V22, P47     HOFFMANN AA, 1989, BIOL J LINN SOC, V37, P117     HOFFMANN AA, 1991, EVOLUTIONARY GENETIC     HONIK A, 1996, EUROPEAN J ENTOMOLOG, V93, P303     HUEY RB, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P205     JULIANO SA, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P73     KLOK CJ, 1994, THESIS U PRETORIA     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V41, P309     LIGHTON JRB, 1991, J EXP BIOL, V159, P249     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V85, P4765     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V68, P43     LIGHTON JRB, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P142     LOEHLE C, 1998, J BIOGEOGR, V25, P735     LOVERIDGE JP, 1968, J EXP BIOL, V49, P15     LUDWIG D, 1937, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V10, P342     MACARTHUR RH, 1972, GEOGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY     MACKAY WP, 1982, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V55, P367     MASSION DD, 1983, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V74, P101     MOLE S, 1994, FUNCT ECOL, V8, P573     MOSTERT LE, 1982, CIMBEBASIA A, V5, P273     MOSTERT LE, 1986, ENTOMOLOGY MEMOIRS, V65, P1     NYLUND L, 1991, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V100, P853     PARSONS PA, 1996, EVOL BIOL, V29, P39     PINKA ER, 1983, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY     PRICE T, 1998, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V352, P519     QUINLAN MC, 1993, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V66, P628     RICKLEFS RE, 1996, OIKOS, V77, P167     ROGERS DJ, 1991, NATURE, V351, P739     SCHMIDTNIELSEN K, 1997, ANIMAL PHYSL ADAPTAT     SCHOLANDER PF, 1953, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V26, P67     SCHOLTZ CH, 1989, J ARID ENVIRON, V16, P305     SCHOLTZ CH, 1981, J ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC, V44, P83     SCHULTZ TD, 1992, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V65, P226     SCHULZE R, 1997, S AFRICAN ATLAS AGRO     SMITH DS, 1964, J MORPHOL, V114, P107     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     SOMME L, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P318     SOMME L, 1995, INVERTEBRATES HOT CO     SOMME L, 1989, POLAR BIOL, V10, P135     STROMME JA, 1989, FAUNA NORV B, V36, P57     STROMME JA, 1986, POLAR RES, V4, P199     TAUBER MJ, 1998, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V27, P523     WASSERTHAL LT, 1996, ADV INSECT PHYSIOL, V26, P297     WILLIAMS AE, 1998, J EXP BIOL, V201, P2945     WILLIAMS AE, 1998, J EXP BIOL, V201, P2953     WILLIAMS AE, 1997, J EXP BIOL, V200, P615     YOUNG SR, 1979, J INSECT PHYSL, V25, P361     ZACHARIASSEN KE, 1987, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V86, P403     ZERA AJ, 1997, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V42, P207     ZERA AJ, 1997, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V70, P519     ZURSTRASSEN R, 1967, ENTOMOLOGISCHE BLATT, V63, P129EnglishArticle293GBJ INSECT PHYSIOL},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {553-562},
	abstract = {Alterations in VO2 or VCO2 are amongst the more polemical physiological adaptations ascribed to insects. Generally, metabolic rate is thought to be lowered in response to arid conditions, and elevated in species from cold environments compared to their more temperate relatives. However, most studies have rarely addressed the influence of both environmental factors in unison. To this end, standard metabolic rate and its temperature dependence were measured (at 4 degrees C intervals from 16 to 32 degrees C) in six Scarabaeus dung beetle species (three flightless, three volant) from a variety of habitats (warm, arid to cool, mesic) in southern Africa using flow-through respirometry. Mass specific VCO2 varied from 0.0158 mi g(-1) h(-1) at 16 degrees C to 0.1839 ml g(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The slopes of the rate temperature curves were similar for all species (Q(10)s of 2.14-2.84), although the intercepts differed significantly in the direction (warm arid to cool mesic): S. gariepinus<S. hippocrates<S. striatum<S. galenus<S. rusticus<S. westwoodi. General Linear models were fitted to the VCO2 data with treatment temperature, wing status, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature as the independent variables. For all six species, the best fit model included treatment temperature and wing status only. Flightless species had significantly lower VCO(2)s than did winged ones. Amongst the flightless species, S. gariepinus, from the driest area, had the lowest VCO2. Among the winged species it was impossible to determine whether environmental temperature or water availability were most important in influencing VCO2; both were significant. We conclude that investigations of metabolic rate modulation, and especially metabolic cold adaptation, in insects must take both temperature and water availability into account. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {acclimatisation, consumption, cricket gryllus-firmus, desiccation resistance, drosophila-melanogaster, gas-exchange, ins, metabolic cold adaptation, oxygen-, respiratory metabolism, respirometry, unselected strain, VCO2, water-loss},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085842500019},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Chown, S. L. and McGeoch, M. A. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1498,
	title = {Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae): Mass-scaling and temperature dependence},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 38Cited References:      BUCK J, 1955, BIOL BULL, V109, P144     COSSINS AR, 1987, TEMPERATURE BIOL ANI     DUNCAN FD, 1997, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V22, P310     EDWARDS PB, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P527     HACK MA, 1997, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V22, P325     HADLEY NF, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V177, P169     HAMILTON AG, 1964, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V160, P373     KANWISHER JW, 1966, BIOL BULL, V130, P96     KESTLER P, 1985, ENV PHYSL BIOCH INSE, P137     LEVY RI, 1966, J INSECT PHYSL, V12, P83     LEVY RI, 1966, J INSECT PHYSL, V12, P105     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V41, P309     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J COMP PHYSIOL B, V163, P11     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, J EXP BIOL, V198, P521     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, J EXP BIOL, V198, P1613     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V180, P229     LIGHTON JRB, 1993, J EXP BIOL, V179, P233     LIGHTON JRB, 1992, J EXP BIOL, V173, P289     LIGHTON JRB, 1991, J EXP BIOL, V159, P249     LIGHTON JRB, 1990, J EXP BIOL, V154, P509     LIGHTON JRB, 1990, J EXP BIOL, V151, P71     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, J EXP BIOL, V134, P363     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V42, P347     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, J INSECT PHYSL, V34, P361     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V68, P43     LIGHTON JRB, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P142     LIGHTON JRB, 1985, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V58, P390     LOUW GN, 1986, J EXP BIOL, V120, P443     MILLER PL, 1974, PHYSL INSECTA, V4, P345     PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI     PUNT A, 1956, MULL PHYSL COMP OECO, V4, P132     PUNT A, 1950, PHYSL COMP OECOL, V2, P59     QUINLAN MC, 1993, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V66, P628     SCHMIDTNIELSEN K, 1997, ANIMAL PHYSL ADAPTAT     SCHNEIDERMAN HA, 1955, BIOL BULL, V109, P123     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     WASSERTHAL LT, 1996, ADV INSECT PHYSIOL, V26, P297     WILKINS MB, 1960, NATURE, V185, P481EnglishArticle263MHPHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	pages = {555-565},
	abstract = {Although discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are known from many insects, the effects of body size and temperature on DGC have not been widely examined. Here, these effects are investigated in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species from mesic and xeric habitats. The investigation tests two hypotheses: that previous estimates of the scaling exponents for the DGC and its characteristics are more broadly applicable to insects, and that, in response to temperature, both DGC frequency and the quantity of CO2 emitted during the open (O) phase (O-phase emission volume) are modulated. Like previous workers, we find that (V) over dot (CO2) scaled as mass(0.968) and that O-phase emission volume scaled as mass(0.968) . However, temperature- associated increases in (V) over dot (CO2) (Q(10){\textquoteright}s of 2.19- 2.65) were modulated mostly by increases in DGC frequency since O-phase volumes remained constant across temperature. Flutter (F)-phase and O-phase durations were closely coupled to DGC duration, although the relationship between closed (C)-phase duration and DGC duration was less pronounced. We show that ventilation phase coefficients, previously considered a measure of the proportional duration of each phase of the DGC, calculated from the slopes of these relationships are a measure of change in phase duration with change in DGC duration and not a measure of the way in which total DGC duration is apportioned among phases. We suggest that proportions be used to estimate the contribution of each of the phases to the total duration of the DGC.},
	keywords = {ant, emission, formicidae, hymenoptera, insects, metabolism, respiratory transpiration, ventilatory patterns, water-loss},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084128100005},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Chown, S. L. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1501,
	title = {Historical vs. ecological factors influencing global patterns of scarabaeine dung beetle diversity},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {161-174},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1502,
	title = {Local and regional species ranges of a dung beetle assemblage from the semi-arid Karoo/Kalahari margins, South Africa},
	journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
	volume = {57},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {61-85},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1503,
	title = {Species turnover, community boundaries and biogeographic composition of dung beetle assemblages across an altitudinal gradient in south Africa},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1039-1055},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Chown, S. L.}
}
@article {1505,
	title = {Scarabaeine dung beetles as indicators of biodiversity, habitat transformation and pest control chemicals in agro-ecosystems},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	volume = {100},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {2004},
	note = {886PJS AFR J SCI},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	pages = {415-424},
	abstract = {As integral members of pasture ecosystems in warmer climates, scarabaeine dung beetles are useful indicators both of high biodiversity in untransformed pastoral regions and of healthy pastures in untransformed or intensively farmed areas. We outline the use of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) variously as biodiversity, ecological or environmental indicators at each of three spatial scales: regional, local, and pasture. At a regional scale, analyses of species distribution are useful both for determining regional boundaries, thus defining limits within which local comparisons are valid, and for defining group distribution centres, which facilitates comparison of biogeographical group compositions of local faunas. At a local scale, characteristic differences in species assemblage structure between natural and transformed habitats are useful both for conservation issues and for certification and marketing of high quality meat produced on natural pastures. At a pasture scale, species responses or assemblage structure may differ between dung containing residues and that lacking residues of avermectin or synthetic pyrethroid livestock pesticides. Thus, dung beetles are useful both for bioassaying the relative toxicity of old and newly developed veterinary products, and for developing more environmentally benign pest control practices. For each of the three spatial scales, we discuss goals, provide mini-reviews of pertinent results, and discuss further research.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226240500005},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Dooley, P. W. and Bharm, N. and Kryger, U.}
}
@article {1507,
	title = {Historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9},
	year = {2002},
	note = {598JTJ BIOGEOGR},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1217-1256},
	abstract = {Aim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.},
	keywords = {assemblage coleoptera, biogeography, community organization, dinosaurs, dispersal, distributional patterns, Dung, fragmentation, global, habitat, hindwing articulation, historical, mammals, rain-forest, s-str, Scarabaeinae, southern african, vicariance, w},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178273300010},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Philips, T. K.}
}
@article {1508,
	title = {Increasing representation of localized dung beetles across a chronosequence of regenerating vegetation and natural dune forest in South Africa},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {May},
	pages = {191-209},
	abstract = {Aim Species assemblages with high proportions of localized taxa occur in regional islands with a history of strong eco-climatic separation from adjacent systems. Current disturbance in such islands of relictualism or endemism disrupts the distinctive local character in favour of regionally distributed taxa with a wider range of tolerances. However, rehabilitation of the system should restore the localized biota. Thus, we used biogeographical composition to assess progress towards restoration of the dung beetle fauna associated with such an island of endemism following dredge-mining. Location The study was conducted in natural coastal dune forest and a 23-year chronosequence of regenerating dune vegetation in the Maputaland centre of endemism, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods Dung beetles were trapped in eight stands of regenerating vegetation of different ages (<1 year to -21 years) and in four stands of natural dune forest with differing ecological characteristics defined by measurements of vegetative physiognomy and microclimate. Species groups defined from multivariate analysis of biogeographical distribution patterns and vegetation associations were used to demonstrate quantitative compositional changes in the dung beetle assemblages across the chronosequence to natural forest. Results Three biogeographical groups were defined. One group comprised species widespread in southern Africa or both southern and east Africa. The other two groups were endemic, one to the east coast and the other to Maputaland. There was a general trend from dominance by regionally distributed dung beetle taxa to dominance by locally distributed taxa across the chronosequence of regenerating vegetation from grassland, to open Acacia karroo thicket, to dense A. karroo-dominated woodland. However, this trend was linked closely to the relative physiognomic and microclimatic similarity between the regenerating vegetation and natural forest. Thus, proportions of locally distributed taxa were lower in older chronosequence woodland (\&SIM;18-\&SIM;21 years) with its low canopy cover and open understorey than in dense early chronosequence woodland (\&SIM;9-\&SIM;12 years), which is physiognomically and microclimatically closer to species-diverse natural forest with its dense canopy and understorey. Overall, the present dung beetle community comprises five species groups. Single widespread (21 spp.) and endemic groups (14 spp.) showed similar patterns of association with early chronosequence grassland and open thicket stands. A single widespread (3 spp.) and two endemic shade-associated groups (3 and 11 spp.) showed differing patterns of association centred, respectively, in late chronosequence woodland, natural forest, or all shaded stands. Main conclusions At 23 years, vegetative regeneration is still at an early stage, but abundant activity of most, although not all species recorded in natural forest, is recovered with the closure of the woodland canopy at \&SIM;9 years. Compositional differences with respect to natural forest vary closely with vegetative physiognomy and its effect on the microclimate. Therefore, full compositional recovery is dependent on the re-establishment of natural forest physiognomy and microclimate.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000175839600002 },
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Van Aarde, R. J. and Scholtz, C. H. and Delport, J. H.}
}
@article {1509,
	title = {Convergence between dung beetle assemblages of a post-mining vegetational chronosequence and unmined dune forest},
	journal = {Restoration Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {29-42},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Van Aarde, R. J. and Scholtz, C. H. and Delport, J. H.}
}
@article {1832,
	title = {Effect of habitat transformation on dung beetle assemblages: A comparison between a South African nature reserve and neighboring farms},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {474-483},
	abstract = {The effect of habitat transformation on dung beetle assemblages in the north-western Free State was investigated by comparing the fauna of a nature reserve with that on neighboring farms. Dung beetle sampling was done in four different localities within two different habitat types, a grassveld area and a bushveld (savanna) area. In these two habitat types, dung beetle assemblages in Sandveld Nature Reserve (27[degree] 37{\textquoteright} S, 25[degree] 46{\textquoteright} E) and on farms were compared. Eighty-three species belonging to 26 genera were captured in the study area. Doube{\textquoteright}s classification was used to divide the dung beetles into functional groups according to the manner in which they use and disturb dung. The grassveld habitats were dominated by larger dung beetles belonging to functional groups I and II, whereas in the bushveld habitats smaller dung beetles belonging to functional groups IV and V were dominant. There were definite habitat preferences, with the larger dung beetles belonging to functional group I and II preferring the grassveld habitats and having higher abundance in the natural rather than the disturbed habitats. The smaller dung beetles, belonging to functional group V, preferred the bushveld habitats. The better competitors (the larger dung beetles) occurred more abundantly in the grassveld habitats and also more abundantly in the natural grassveld habitat than in the disturbed habitat. None of the indices measuring species richness nor dominance showed significant differences between the four habitats. The dung beetle assemblages in all four habitats showed a log series pattern, with high abundance of a few dominant, highly effective competitors and a large number of {\textquoteright}rare{\textquoteright} species, which were assumed to be less effective competitors. This does not, however, imply that the dung beetles were similarly affected by the different habitats, because the biomass of dung beetles was higher in the grassveld than the bushveld habitats and also higher in the natural habitats. A change in vegetational ground cover caused by overgrazing and trampling has a greater effect on the larger, more effective competitors in the assemblage, whereas the smaller less effective competitors do not seem to be affected by this change.},
	keywords = {agriculture, COLEOPTERA, community structure, habitat, matrix, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Jankielsohn, A. and Scholtz, C. H. and Louw, S. V. D. M.}
}
