@article {1589,
	title = {Tropical rain forest fragmentation, Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), and dung beetles at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {253-262},
	abstract = {In Neotropical rain forests, fresh mammal dung, especially that of howler monkeys, constitutes an important resource used by dung beetles as food and for oviposition and further feeding by their larvae. Tropical rain forest destruction, fragmentation, and subsequent isolation causing reductions in numbers of and the disappearance of howler moneys may result in decreasing numbers of dung beetles, but this has not been documented. In this study, we present information on the presence of howlers and dung beetles in 38 isolated forest fragments and 15 agricultural habitats. Howler monkeys were censused by visual means, while dung beetles were sampled with traps baited with a mixture of howler, cow, horse, and dog dung. Results indicated that loss of area and isolation of forest fragments result in significant decrements in howlers and dung beetles. However, dung beetle abundance was found to be closely related to the presence of howler monkeys at the sites and habitats investigated. Scenarios of land management designed to reduce isolation among forest fragments may help sustain populations of howler monkeys and dung beetles, which may have positive consequences for rain forest regeneration.},
	keywords = {Alouatta-palliata [howler-mo, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Cebidae-: Primates-, Chordata-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Conservation-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Mammalia-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Anzures D. , A. and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond}
}
@article {1591,
	title = {Howler Monkeys Alouatta-Palliata Dung Beetles Scarabaeidae and Seed Dispersal Ecological Interactions in the Tropical Rain Forest of Los Tuxtlas Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {459-474},
	abstract = {The dispersal of seeds by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and the activity of dung beetles in modulating the fate of the dispersed seed were studied at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Howlers consumed the fruits of 35 species of plants. The seeds of 28 of these were dispersed by the monkeys. The majority (.gtoreq. 90\%) of the seeds dispersed by monkeys were destroyed by rodents. Rapid relocation and burial of dung by dung beetles resulted in accidental relocation and burial of large number of seeds shortly after deposition. Faecal clumps (20 mg) remained on the ground for an average of only 2.5 h (range 1-3 h). Ball rolling beetles transported balls up to 5.0 m from the site of deposition (range 1-5 m). Burrowing and ball-rolling dung beetles buried seeds at depths ranging from 2.5 to > 12.0 cm. The deeper a seed is buried, the less likely it is to be found and eaten by rodents. Eighty percent of the species used by Alouatta as sources of fruit at Los Tuxtlas benefited by the dispersal and post dispersal service provided by howlers and dung beetles respectively. Seasonality in dung beetles abundance in the forest may influence the number of seeds per species escaping post-dispersal predation during the year. Dung beetles play not only an important ecological role in the recycling of matter and energy in the ecosystem, but also in the process of rain forest regeneration.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Cebidae-: Primates-, Chordata-, Chordates-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Mammalia-, Mammals-, Nonhuman-Mammals, Nonhuman-Primates, Nonhuman-Vertebrat, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond}
}
@article {1593,
	title = {Dung and carrion beetles in tropical rain forest fragments and agricultural habitats at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Sept., 1998ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {577-593},
	abstract = {At Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, presence of dung and carrion beetles, were sampled using baited pitfall traps, at the following habitats: isolated forest fragments, forest edges, plantations (coffee, cacao, mixed, citrus and allspice), live fences and pastures. A total of 14,269 beetles representing 36 species were captured. Onthophagus batesi, Canthon femoralis, Canthidium centrale, Copris laeviceps, O. rhinolophus and Deltochilium pseudoparile accounted for 75\% of the captures in the overall sample from 79 sites. Across forest fragments capture rates of species and individuals were associated positively to area and negatively to isolating distance. Rarefaction analysis showed that forest fragments were the most species-rich habitats followed by the mixed and cacao plantations, the forest edge, live fences and coffee, citrus and allspice plantations. Pastures were the least species-rich habitat. Horizontal and vertical diversity of the vegetation at the habitats studied influenced the species richness of dung and carrion beetles and the number of species in common between forest fragments and human-made habitats. A significant relationship existed between the number of non-flying mammals recorded at the study sites and the richness of species and individuals of dung beetles at the habitats investigated. The relevance of this information is discussed in the light of the ecological flexibility of dung and carrion beetle species and of possible conservation scenarios involving landscapes in which isolation of forest fragments is reduced by the presence in open areas of human-made vegetation such as plantations of cacao, coffee, cacao and coffee and live fences.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, beetle- (Coleoptera-): carrion-, Canthidium-centrale (Coleoptera-), Canthon-femoralis (Coleoptera-), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Copris-laeviceps (Coleoptera-, dung-, Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond and Dadda, Alberto Anzures and Cammarano, Pierluigi}
}
