@article {1352,
	title = {Effects of forest fragmentation on the beetle assemblage at the relict forest of Fray Jorge, Chile},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {132},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {296-306},
	abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is recognized as one of the main factors associated with species extinction and is particularly acute in South American forest habitats. In this study, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation on the beetle assemblage at the relict temperate forest of Fray Jorge (Chile). We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) there is a strong edge effect, so that the number of beetle species and individuals increases away from the edge, towards the inner part of each fragment, (2) this pattern should be apparent in the larger fragments but not in the smaller ones, where edge effects are expected to be stronger, and (3) there should be a significant interaction between number of species/individuals found inside and outside fragments (i.e., in the matrix) and season, because of an increase in aridity and water stress during austral summer months. We found that the relationship between the number of individuals and number of species vs distance from the matrix towards the forest interior was affected by fragment size and season. In general, both number of species and individuals tended to increase from the matrix towards the forest edge and then either decrease, increase or maintain a constant level, depending on fragment size and season. The result of an ANOVA analysis, which used season, size, and position (inside vs outside fragments) as factors and number of individuals as the response variable, showed a significant effect of fragment size, position, and season and a significant interaction between fragment size and season, season and position, and size and position. ANOVA analysis using number of species as the response variable showed that area, season, and position all had significant effects. The results also showed a significant interaction between size and season and between season and position. Our results emphasize the existence of strong fragment-size and seasonal effects modulating both the response of beetles to fragmentation and their abundance and distribution in temperate areas. Thus, seasonal dynamic effects can be of paramount importance to demonstrate and understand the effect of habitat fragmentation upon arthropod assemblages in temperate areas.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles, fragmentation, South America, temperate forests},
	author = {Barbosa, Olga and Marquet, Pablo A.}
}
@article {1507,
	title = {Historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9},
	year = {2002},
	note = {598JTJ BIOGEOGR},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1217-1256},
	abstract = {Aim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.},
	keywords = {assemblage coleoptera, biogeography, community organization, dinosaurs, dispersal, distributional patterns, Dung, fragmentation, global, habitat, hindwing articulation, historical, mammals, rain-forest, s-str, Scarabaeinae, southern african, vicariance, w},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178273300010},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Scholtz, C. H. and Philips, T. K.}
}
@article {1573,
	title = {Vulnerability of South African animal taxa to climate change},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 96Cited References:      1998, WHITE PAPER POPULATI     *AFR NAT C, 1994, REC DEV PROGR     *IPCC, 1992, CLIM CHANG 1992 SUPP     *IPCC, 1995, CLIM CHANG 1995 IMP     *IPCC, 2000, EM SCEN 2000     *IPCC, 1997, REG IMP CLIM CHANG 1     ALLAN DG, 1997, ATLAS SO AFRICAN BIR     BRANCH WR, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P91     BROWN JH, 1998, BIOGEOGRAPHY     BROWN JH, 1995, MACROECOLOGY     BUSE A, 1999, FUNCT ECOL S1, V13, P74     CAMMELL ME, 1992, ADV ECOL RES, V22, P117     CAUGHLEY G, 1996, CONSERVATION BIOL TH     CHANNELL R, 2000, NATURE, V403, P84     CHOWN SL, 1999, BIOL REV, V74, P87     COOPE GR, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P55     CORNELL HV, 1992, J ANIM ECOL, V61, P1     DAVIS AJ, 1998, J ANIM ECOL, V67, P600     DAVIS AJ, 1998, NATURE, V391, P783     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DELEO JM, 1993, P 2 INT S UNC MOD AN, P318     DELONG ER, 1988, BIOMETRICS, V44, P837     DRINKROW DR, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P82     EELEY HAC, 1999, J BIOGEOGR, V26, P595     ERASMUS BFN, 2000, AFR ENTOMOL, V8, P157     FAIRBANKS DHK, 2000, S AFR J SCI, V96, P69     FAJER ED, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P1198     FEARNSIDE PM, 1999, ENVIRON CONSERV, V26, P305     FIELDING AH, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P38     FREEDMAN B, 1989, ENV ECOLOGY IMPACTS     FREITAG S, 1997, AFR ENTOMOL, V5, P205     FREITAG S, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P136     GASTON KJ, 1997, J ANIM ECOL, V66, P579     GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V86, P584     GASTON KJ, 1994, RARITY     GATES DM, 1993, CLIMATE CHANGE ITS B     GELDERBLOM CM, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P103     GELDERBLOM CM, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P127     GUISAN A, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V135, P147     HAMMOND PM, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V345, P119     HARRISON JA, 1997, ATLAS SO AFRICAN BIR     HILL JK, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1197     HOCHBERG ME, 1999, ECOGRAPHY, V222, P268     HULL HE, 1998, AFR ENTOMOL, V6, P265     JABLONSKI D, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1367     JABLONSKI D, 1985, PALEOBIOLOGY, V11, P75     JABLONSKI D, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P754     JEFFREE CE, 1996, FUNCT ECOL, V10, P562     JEFFREE EP, 1994, FUNCT ECOL, V8, P640     KERR J, 1998, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V49, P263     KOCH SO, 2000, J INSECT CONSERVATIO, V4, P45     KRAEMER HC, 1988, AM STAT, V42, P37     LAWTON JH, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES     LELAGADEC MD, 1998, J COMP PHYSIOL B, V168, P112     LOMBARD AT, 1995, S AFR J ZOOL, V30, P145     LOVEGROVE BG, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V74, P600     LOW AB, 1996, VEGETATION S AFRICA     MARKHAM A, 1996, VULNERABILITY ADAPTA     MASTERS GJ, 1998, ECOL ENTOMOL, V23, P45     MCDONALD I, 1996, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG, P83     MCNEELY JA, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V4, P510     MCNEELY JA, 1994, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V3, P390     MYERS AA, 1988, ANAL BIOGEOGRAPHY IN     OATLEY T, 1998, ROBINS AFRICA     OBUCHOWSKI NA, 1998, ACAD RADIOL, V5, P561     ORESKES N, 1994, SCIENCE, V263, P641     PARMESAN C, 1999, NATURE, V399, P579     POUNDS JA, 1999, NATURE, V398, P611     POYNTON JC, 1996, J BIOGEOGR, V23, P669     POYNTON JC, 1961, NATURE, V189, P801     RICHTER TA, 1997, FUNCT ECOL, V11, P240     RICKLEFS RE, 1993, SPECIES DIVERSITY EC     ROBINSON T, 1997, MED VET ENTOMOL, V11, P223     ROBINSON T, 1997, MED VET ENTOMOL, V11, P235     RODRIGUES ASL, 2000, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V267, P49     ROGERS DJ, 1994, LARGE SCALE ECOLOGY, P247     ROOT T, 1988, J BIOGEOGR, V15, P489     ROY K, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P458     RUTHERFORD M, 2000, DIVERSITY AND DISTRI, V5, P253     RUTHERFORD MC, 1994, MEM BOT SURV S AFR, V63, P1     SCHOLTZ CH, 1995, S AFR J SCI, V91, P124     SCHULZE R, 1997, S AFRICAN ATLAS AGRO     SHANNON DA, 2000, THESIS U CAPETOWN     SPICER JI, 1999, PHYSL DIVERSITY ITS     SUTHERST RW, 1985, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V13, P281     SUTHERST RW, 1995, INSECTS CHANGING ENV, P59     THOMAS JA, 1999, FUNCT ECOL S1, V13, P55     TOKESHI M, 1999, SPECIES COEXISTENCE     VANJAARSVELD AS, 1998, S AFR J SCI, V94, P210     VANJAARSVELD AS, 2000, SUSTAINABILITY CHALL, P265     VANRENSBURG B, 2000, ECOLOGY, V8, P3163     VANWYK AE, 1996, BIODIVERSITY AFRICAN, P198     VIDA S, 1993, COMPUT METH PROG BIO, V40, P95     WESSELS KJ, 2000, ANIM CONSERV 1, V3, P67     WHITE F, 1983, VEGETATION AFRICA DE     ZWEIG MH, 1993, CLIN CHEM, V39, P561EnglishArticle559ZDGLOB CHANGE BIOL},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {679-693},
	abstract = {The responsiveness of South African fauna to climate change events is poorly documented and not routinely incorporated into regional conservation planning. We model the likely range alterations of a representative suite of 179 animal species to climate change brought about by the doubling of CO2 concentrations. This scenario is expected to cause a mean temperature increase of 2 degreesC. We applied a multivariate climate envelope approach and evaluated model performance using the most comprehensive bird data set. The results were encouraging, although model performance was inconsistent in the eastern coastal area of the country. The levels of climate change induced impacts on species ranges varied from little impact to local extinction. Some 17\% of species expanded their ranges, 78\% displayed range contraction (4-98\%), 3\% showed no response and 2\% became locally extinct. The majority of range shifts (41\%) were in an easterly direction, reflecting the east-west aridity gradient across the country. Species losses were highest in the west. Substantially smaller westward shifts were present in some eastern species. This may reflect a response to the strong altitudinal gradient in this region, or may be a model artifact. Species range change (composite measure reflecting range contraction and displacement) identified selected species that could act as climate change indicator taxa. Red-data and vulnerable species showed similar responses but were more likely to display range change (58\% vs. 43\% for all species). Predictions suggest that the flagship, Kruger National Park conservation area may loose up to 66\% of the species included in this analysis. This highlights the extent of the predicted range shifts, and indicates why conflicts between conservation and other land uses are likely to escalate under conditions of climate change.},
	keywords = {beetles coleoptera, common fly belt, conservation, Dung beetles, fragmentation, geographical ranges, habitat availability, land-use, protection status, range contraction, sensed vegetation data, species turnover, tsetse habitat},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176055800007},
	author = {Erasmus, B. F. N. and Van Jaarsveld, A. S. and Chown, S. L. and Kshatriya, M. and Wessels, K. J.}
}
@article {1592,
	title = {Dung beetles in continous forest, forest fragments and in an agricultural mosiac habitat island at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {1903-1918},
	keywords = {conservation, dung beetle, fragmentation, Los Tuxtlas, mammal mammals, Mexico, tropical rainforest},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond}
}
