@article {1821,
	title = {Optimal maternal investment in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus?},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {302-312},
	abstract = {Optimal investment theory is based on the assumption that the proximate constraint acting on parental investment is resource based. A trade-off between per offspring investment and total investment seems intuitive. Consequently, a parent{\textquoteright}s investment strategy is expected to represent a trade-off between the benefits of investment for current offspring and the costs to future reproduction for parents. In this study, we provide clear evidence that the costs and benefits of maternal provisioning in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus influence the amount of provisions provided by the mother. Horse dung is typically of a higher nutritional value than cow dung and females were shown to provide 20\% less dung to offspring when provisioning with horse dung. By reducing their investment per offspring and exhibiting a clear preference to provision offspring with horse dung, females were able to produce significantly more offspring. Females provisioning with horse dung received greater fitness returns per unit of investment and experienced lower provisioning costs, in terms of the minimum amount of dung required to produce a surviving offspring, than females provisioning with cow dung. Females provisioning in soil of low moisture content were found to have higher tunneling costs than those provi- sioning in soil of high moisture content, while the fitness returns per unit of investment did not differ. We adopted a marginal value theorem (MVT) approach to calculate the theoretical optimal level of investment for each dung type and for each soil moisture. Predicted levels of provision- ing were lower for horse dung than for cow dung and for moist soil than for dry soil. Therefore, the results of this study are in qualitative agreement with MVT predictions and provide empirical support for the proposal that females can adaptively adjust their level of investment in response to resource and/or habitat quality. However, the theoretically predicted optimal investment yielded a poor quantitative fit with our observed levels of investment, with females providing over twice the investment predicted by the MVT approach. We suggest that this difference may reflect either our inability in directly quantifying all the necessary costs and benefits of investment in O. taurus and/or the applicability of the underlying assumptions of MVT.},
	keywords = {Habitat quality, Onthophagus taurus, Optimal investment strategies, Parental care, Resource quality, {\textperiodcentered}},
	author = {Hunt, John and Simmons, Leigh W.}
}
@article {1822,
	title = {A cost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus?},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {EnglishArticleJANJ EVOLUTION BIOL},
	pages = {57-64},
	abstract = {Parental care theory assumes that investment in current offspring will trade against future investment. A number of field studies on birds have used clutch size manipulations to demonstrate a survival cost to chick rearing. However, such studies do not account for costs accrued during earlier stages of reproduction because not all aspects of reproductive effort are manipulated by varying the number of nestlings. in this study, we investigate the effect of reproductive effort on female survival in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. By experimentally manipulating mating status and dung availability, we demonstrate that virgin females survive longer than mated females and that the survival of mated females was negatively associated with the number of brood masses produced. Using a novel manipulation of the mating system, we separated the effects of egg production and maternal care on female survival. Previously, we have shown that females provisioning with the assistance of a major male provide relatively less care than unassisted females. However, paternal assistance did not alter the number of brood masses produced and hence the amount of reproductive effort that was allocated to egg production. Therefore, our finding, that female survival was increased when receiving paternal assistance provides, to our knowledge, the first definitive evidence that maternal care reduces female lifespan. These results are of major importance to theoretical models on the evolution of parental care.},
	keywords = {BREEDING BLUE TITS, BROOD-SIZE, CLUTCH-SIZE, drosophila-melanogaster, fluctuating asymmetry, LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION, life-history trade-off, Onthophagus taurus, PARENTAL, Parental care, reproductive cost, reproductive effort, SURVIVAL},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W. and Kotiaho, J. S.}
}
@article {1911,
	title = {Influence of adult size of Onthophagus gazella on manure pat degredation, nest construction, and progeny size},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	note = {have copy},
	month = {October 15},
	pages = {625-630},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, Nest construction, Onthophagus gazella, Parental care, Progeny size},
	author = {Lee, Marshall J. and Peng, Ying-Shin}
}
@article {2056,
	title = {Nestmate recognition in burying beetles: the "breeder{\textquoteright}s badge" as a cue used by females to distinguish their mates from male intruders},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      *SAS I INC, 1998, SAS STAT US GUID 8 1     BECK D, 1995, THESIS A LUDWIGS U F     BREDOHL R, 1984, ENTOMOL GEN, V10, P11     BREED MD, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P57     BYERS JA, 1986, ETHOLOGY, V72, P342     CLEMENT JL, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P126     EGGERT AK, 1998, ANIM BEHAV 1, V55, P97     EGGERT AK, 2000, BEHAV ECOL, V11, P357     EGGERT AK, 2000, ECOL ENTOMOL, V25, P262     EGGERT AK, 1997, EVOLUTION SOCIAL BEH, P216     FLETCHER DJC, 1987, KIN RECOGNITION ANIM     FLETCHER DJC, 1987, KIN RECOGNITION ANIM, P19     GHEUSI G, 1997, ANIM BEHAV 5, V53, P935     HOFERER S, 1996, THESIS A LUGWIGS U     LACY RC, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P489     LENGAGNE T, 2000, J ACOUST SOC AM, V107, P508     LIEBIG J, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4124     MONNIN T, 1998, J CHEM ECOL, V24, P473     MULLER JK, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V27, P11     PEETERS C, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1323     PUKOWSKI E, 1933, Z MORPHOL OKOL TIERE, V27, P518     RITERS LV, 1998, BEHAVIOUR 5, V135, P551     ROBERTSON IC, 1993, J ZOOL, V231, P583     SACHS L, 1992, ANGEW STAT ANWENDUNG     SCHUMACHER R, 1973, Z MORPHOL TIERE, V75, P65     SCOTT MP, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P595     SCOTT MP, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V26, P31     SCOTT MP, 1993, EVOL ECOL, V7, P362     SCOTT MP, 2001, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V47, P295     SHERMAN PW, 1996, BEHAV ECOLOGY EVOLUT, P69     SINGER TL, 1998, AM ZOOL, V38, P394     SINGER TL, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P104     SLEDGE MF, 2001, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V49, P401     STOKES ME, 2000, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA     TILLMAN JA, 1999, INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC, V29, P481     TRUMBO ST, 1997, ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM, V35, P479     TRUMBO ST, 1993, BEHAV ECOL, V4, P332     TRUMBO ST, 1990, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V27, P269     TRUMBO ST, 1990, ECOL ENTOMOL, V15, P347     TRUMBO ST, 1995, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V41, P535     VANDERMEER RK, 1998, PHEROMONE COMMUNICAT, P79     WAGNER D, 2000, J CHEM ECOL, V26, P2245     WANKER R, 1998, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V43, P197     WILEY RH, 1991, ETHOLOGY, V88, P145     WILSON DS, 1984, ECOL ENTOMOL, V9, P205EnglishArticle657HVBEHAV ECOL},
	month = {Mar-Apr},
	pages = {212-220},
	abstract = {Burying beetles use small vertebrate carcasses as food for their larvae and defend these carcasses against intra- and interspecific competitors. Breeding associations on carcasses can consist of single females, heterosexual pairs, or various combinations of males and females. When a heterosexual pair collaborate in a breeding attempt, they do not typically exhibit aggressive behavior toward each other, but do attack newly arrived conspecifics that attempt to usurp the carcass. We investigated the cues involved in discrimination between breeding partners and intruders by female burying beetles. We found that resident females tolerate males that have cared for a brood, as well as males that have not cared for a brood but have been on a carcass for a day or two. Males that have had no prior contact with a carcass are attacked. Females appear to use a chemical cue, the "breeder{\textquoteright}s badge," an apolar substance on the male{\textquoteright}s cuticle that can be removed by washing with pentane. This cue is reliably correlated with recent male experience with a carcass that is suitable for reproduction. The breeder{\textquoteright}s badge develops as a result of prolonged contact with such a carcass, and disappears on removal from the carcass; its presence does not require contact with a female or with larvae. Female recognition of their male partners in burying beetles thus does not involve individual recognition, but rather recognition of reproductive condition.},
	keywords = {aggressive behavior, burying beetles, chemical cues, cuticular hydrocarbons, hormone, intraspecific competition, juvenile-, mate recognition, Nicrophorus, nicrophorus-orbicollis, Parental care, recognition of reproductive status, reproducti},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181661100008},
	author = {Muller, J. K. and Eggert, A. K. and Elsner, T.}
}
