@article {1344,
	title = {Reproduction of the dung beetle (Copris tripartitus) in the dung of cattle treated with cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {546-552},
	abstract = {Fresh dung was collected from untreated cattle and cattle dosed with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos (2.1 g/cow), on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 post-treatment. The survival and reproduction of the dung beetle Copris tripartitus Waterhouse, when given this dung was assessed. Residues of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in dung collected I day after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition by female C. tripartitus. However, there was no significant effect on egg-laying in dung collected at days 3, 5 or 7 days post-treatment. In a second generation of C. tripartitus, derived from beetles fed the dung from treated animals, residues in dung collected both 1 and 3 days after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition, and residues in dung collected 1 day after treatment inhibited dung consumption by newly emerged adults of C. tripartitus. It is concluded that dung voided by cattle treated with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos have toxic lethal effects for 1 day post-treatment and sub-lethal toxic effects on ovarian condition and brood-ball production in dung voided at 1 and 3 days posttreatment. The potential ecotoxic effects of these compounds are discussed in terms of dung beetle activity and strategies for parasite control of cattle in the Korean environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ABAMECTIN, COLEOPTERA, Dung beetles, INSECTS dung beetle, IVERMECTIN, reproduction, RESIDUES, Scarabaeidae, SURVIVAL, synthetic pyrethroid},
	isbn = {0929-1393},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000244172100010 },
	author = {Bang, Hea Son and Lee, Joon-Ho and Na, Young Eun and Wall, Richard}
}
@article {1893,
	title = {Possible risk posed by drift of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to the rare dung beetle Circellium bacchus (F.) in a national park},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {215-220},
	abstract = {Aerial drift of the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), pyriproxyfen (Nemesis 100 ec{\textregistered}), used to control red scale on citrus on farms close to the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, was suspected of causing a decline in a population of the rare dung beetle species Circellium bacchus(F.) in the Park. The effect of pyriproxyfen on fertility and egg viability, as well as larval, pupal and callow adult development of C. bacchuswas studied in a laboratory assay. Adult beetles, soil surface and the initial dung supply were exposed to pyriproxyfen applied as a spray at 10 times less than the concentration used commercially to simulate spray drift. Exposure of adult beetles to pyriproxyfen did not affect egg production or the viability of eggs, nor did the compound have adverse effects on immature development, indicating that pyriproxyfen is unlikely to be the cause of the observed population depression of C. bacchus.},
	keywords = {development, juvenile hormone analogue, reproduction, Scarabaeidae, spray drift},
	author = {Kruger, K. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {2096,
	title = {Body size and paternal invest ment in the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2001},
	note = {EnglishArticleNOV3J ZOOL},
	pages = {405-412},
	abstract = {During reproduction, dung beetles of the genus Onthophagus typically bury portions of dung removed from the dung pad. Even though females are capable of successfully constructing and provisioning nests when unaccompanied by males, extensive levels of co-operation between sexes have been reported. In some species, males show a clear dimorphism in body plan and only large horned males are known to assist females. In O. taurus this form of paternal investment is facultative and depends on social context (namely the presence of other males). We studied relationships between body size and paternal investment in five Onthophagus species (i.e. O. coenobita, O. fracticornis, O. illyricus, O. taurus and O. vacca). Two types of tests were established. In test A, a large and a small male were placed with a single, medium-size female, in test B, a large and a small female were placed with a single large male. In controls one male was placed with one female. Individuals were maintained for 10 days. Then the enclosures were opened to assess the position of each beetle. When two mates were found in close vicinity or in the same tunnel provisioning dung, a co-operative behaviour was assumed. In competitive tests, small males and small females never cooperated with their potential mates whilst large and medium-size individuals often co- operated with mates inside the same tunnels. No differences in frequencies of co-operation were found between large and medium-size females. Small females and small males scarcely co- operated with large or medium-size mates in controls. These results suggest that large individuals outcompete the small ones. They also suggest that paternal investment depends on body size of both mates. Large males of all species assist medium-size and large females, whereas small males do not. However, large males do not invest much parental effort on small females that, in fact, are poorly, assisted. We assume that large individuals of both sexes are reproductively superior to small ones. The propensity of both small females and small males to excavate was lower than that of larger individuals, accordingly, digging capacity could be a proximate factor explaining facultative paternal investment in these species.},
	keywords = {ACUMINATUS COLEOPTERA, ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS, beetle, body size, BROOD CARE, co-operation, Dung beetles, investment, MALE HORN DIMORPHISM, MALE MORPHOLOGY, Onthophagus, paternal, reproduction, Scarabaeidae, TAURUS COLEOPTERA, VACCA COLEOPTERA},
	author = {Palestrini, C. and Rolando, A.}
}
