@article {1531,
	title = {Influence of dung volatiles on the process of resource selection by coprophagous beetles},
	journal = {Chemoecology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {23-30},
	abstract = {Most dung beetles colonize the faeces of several vertebrate species without much discrimination, and are thus often considered as polyphagous. Recent studies have provided evidence for clear feeding preferences in scarab beetles colonizing dung of herbivore species, but little is known about these insects{\textquoteright}abilities to discriminate among odours from faeces of various herbivores. In this study, trophic preferences were examined using blocks of pitfall traps baited with dung from four different herbivore species, i.e., sheep, cattle, horse, and red deer, in a moun- tainous area of south-central France. 4941 coprophagous scarabs, belonging to 27 species, were captured. Beetles were more attracted to dung of sheep (2257 individuals) than that of cattle (1294 individuals), followed by deer dung (768 individuals) and horse dung (622 individuals). Eleven of the 27 beetle species collected had significant feeding preferences for one of the four dung types. For each insect species, trophic habits did not vary between the two differ- ent sites of trapping, an open pasture and a wooded habitat. In laboratory olfactometer bioassays, scarab beetles orien- tated preferentially towards the dung volatiles from the dung type they preferred in the field. Trypocopris pyrenaeus, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, andAphodius rufipeswere more attracted to volatile compounds from sheep dung, Onthophagus fracticornissignificantly preferred horse dung volatiles, and Aphodius haemorrhoidalis responded posi- tively to deer dung odours. The role of dung olfactory cues in the process of resource selection by dung beetles is discussed.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles, dung volatiles, herbivore faeces, olfactometer, trophic preferences, {\textendash}},
	author = {Dormont, Laurent and Rapior, Sylvie and McKey, Doyle B. and Lumaret, Jean-Pierre}
}
@article {1576,
	title = {Water lilies and scarabs: faithful partners for 100 million years?},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2003},
	month = {May},
	pages = {539-543},
	abstract = {Night-flowering water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) in South America are pollinated by Cyclocephala scarab beetles (Scar- abaeidae: Cyclocephalini) in a specialized relationship involving synchronized flowering movements, strong floral scent, food tissues, and heat-producing flowers. We report that a similar and closely related association exists in West Africa between Nymphaea lotus  L. and Ruteloryctes morio  Fabricius (Cyclocephalini). This finding strongly supports a late Early Cretaceous origin of a symbiosis between the night-flowering water lilies and pollinating Cyclocephalini beetles. We believe that this is the first unambiguous evidence of a plant-pollinator relationship of this age.},
	keywords = {Cyclocephala, floral scent, GC-MS, headspace, Nymphaea, pollination, Senegal, thermogenesis, {\textendash}},
	author = {Ervik, Finn and Knudsen, Jette T.}
}
@article {2108,
	title = {Male differentiation patterns in two polyphenic sister species of the genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): a geometric morphometric approach},
	journal = {JZS},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {54-62},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on morphological (both shape and size) differences that quite similar polyphenic sister species evolve during divergence processes. Traits were analysed using a geometrical morphometric approach, which has the ability to evidence also very subtle differences in shape. As a case study, we considered males of the dung beetle sister species pair Onthophagus taurus and Onthophagus illyricus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae); these species represent a typical example of polyphenic trait expression concerning the facultative development of horns and considerable body size differences. External shape morphology failed to discriminate O. taurus from O. illyricus, whereas the reproductive system shape showed significant interspecific discrimination power. However, the head of O. taurus was significantly larger than that of O. illyricus and the reverse was true for the elytra. The two species also showed different allometric values of the head with respect to body size. This complex pattern of interspecific morphological divergence is discussed in the light of the differential trait divergence rate hypothesis. In both species, differences between major and minor forms concern the overall shape of head and pronotum: we suggest that such different forms, which likely reflect morphological readjustment to accommodate horns of considerable bulk and disproportionate length, may be nevertheless advantageously used by the two male morphs in their alternative reproductive tactics. Male genitalia sizes were virtually constant with respect to body size; however, the ratio between phallotheca and body size was significantly higher in minor males, in keeping with the hypothesis of a higher investment in genitalia borne by this morph.},
	keywords = {allometry, developmental investment, differentiation between species and morphs, external morphology, male genitalia, Sperm competition, {\textendash}},
	author = {Pizzo, A. and Mercurio, D. and Palestrini, Claudia and Roggero, A. and Rolando, Antonio}
}
@article {2193,
	title = {Dung beetle (Scarabaeus (Pachysoma)) biology and immature stages: reversal to ancestral states under deset conditions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {453-460},
	abstract = {The unique feeding biology of the unusual flightless Namib Desert dung beetle species belonging to Scarabaeus ( Pachysoma ) MacLeay (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) has been studied in the past but in this report we document breeding biology, larval feeding and immature morphology for the first time. Females provision burrows with frag- ments of dry herbivore dung and detritus, in which the larvae develop and on which they feed. This is a novel devi- ation, and a probable reversal to the ancestral state, from the obligatory brood ball constructed from wet dung in which scarab larvae usually develop. The free-living larvae and pupae have several unique attributes that distin- guish them from relatives that develop within the confines of a brood ball and provide additional support for mono- phyly of the group. Many of these also appear as reversals to a probable ancestral condition. Unique larval characters include a left mandible with two teeth, the absence of a {\textquoteleft}coprine{\textquoteright} hump, small spiracles, and two- or indistinctly three- segmented antennae. Those unique to the pupa are the presence of peculiar prothoracic projections, the absence of lateral tergal supporting projections on the abdomen, and the perpendicular elytra and wings relative to the median bodyline.},
	keywords = {Ball-rollers, flightless, free-living, monophyletic, namib desert, unique, {\textendash}},
	author = {Scholtz, Clarke H. and Harrison, James du G. and Grebennikov, Vasily V.}
}
