@article {1344,
	title = {Reproduction of the dung beetle (Copris tripartitus) in the dung of cattle treated with cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {546-552},
	abstract = {Fresh dung was collected from untreated cattle and cattle dosed with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos (2.1 g/cow), on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 post-treatment. The survival and reproduction of the dung beetle Copris tripartitus Waterhouse, when given this dung was assessed. Residues of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in dung collected I day after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition by female C. tripartitus. However, there was no significant effect on egg-laying in dung collected at days 3, 5 or 7 days post-treatment. In a second generation of C. tripartitus, derived from beetles fed the dung from treated animals, residues in dung collected both 1 and 3 days after treatment were sufficient to inhibit oviposition, and residues in dung collected 1 day after treatment inhibited dung consumption by newly emerged adults of C. tripartitus. It is concluded that dung voided by cattle treated with a spray-on formulation of high cis-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos have toxic lethal effects for 1 day post-treatment and sub-lethal toxic effects on ovarian condition and brood-ball production in dung voided at 1 and 3 days posttreatment. The potential ecotoxic effects of these compounds are discussed in terms of dung beetle activity and strategies for parasite control of cattle in the Korean environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ABAMECTIN, COLEOPTERA, Dung beetles, INSECTS dung beetle, IVERMECTIN, reproduction, RESIDUES, Scarabaeidae, SURVIVAL, synthetic pyrethroid},
	isbn = {0929-1393},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000244172100010 },
	author = {Bang, Hea Son and Lee, Joon-Ho and Na, Young Eun and Wall, Richard}
}
@article {1450,
	title = {Dung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid eggs into infective larvae in cattle faeces},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {julio has hard copy},
	month = {Dec 1},
	pages = {157-163},
	abstract = {In the perspective to reduce the use of antiparasitic drugs, any interaction between the processes that control the development of parasite eggs into infective larval stages (L3) in dung and the activities of different dung-breeding organisms becomes of interest. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dung beetle activity affected the development of parasite larvae in cattle dung. Faeces containing eggs of parasites (predominately Cooperia spp.) were pooled according to high (250-600 epg) or low (approx. 100 epg) egg counts. Experimental dung pats were formed for each category of faeces and to half of these pats, dung beetles (20 Aphodius rufipes, 20 A. scybalarius syn. rufus) were added and kept for 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH). Beetles were then removed and the pats were divided in two where half the pat was incubated for an additional 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90\% RH (+/-5\% RH) and the other half was immediately analysed. A greater number of L3 were recovered from the dung subjected to beetle activity compared with control dung (P < 0.001). However, following an additional 12 days incubation of the dung, similar numbers of L3 were recovered from beetle-affected dung with high egg counts, whereas there were significantly greater numbers of L3 derived from the control dung (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in L3 recovery in the two categories of pats (i.e. high and low nematode egg counts). The results indicate that activity by Aphodius spp. in fresh dung can optimise conditions for nematode development to the infective larval stage if favourable environmental conditions prevail. Such synergistic effect may be due to the fact that dung beetles used in this study are dung dwellers, i.e. no substantial amount of the dung is removed or burrowed as these beetles feed, lay their eggs and the larval development takes place in brood chambers inside the dung. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Aphodius spp., avermectins, cattle dung, cattle-nematoda, cooperia-oncophora, Dung beetles, free-living stages, grazing cattle, impact, IVERMECTIN, nematode parasites, ostertagia-ostertagi, SURVIVAL, sweden},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000187397900017},
	author = {Chirico, J. and Wiktelius, S. and Waller, P. J.}
}
@article {1574,
	title = {Effects of the attractiveness for dung beetles of dung pat origin and size along a climatic gradient},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {45-53},
	abstract = {Dung beetle (Coleoptera:Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae) assemblages were monitored by dung-baited pitfall trapping at three sites distributed along a bioclimatic gradient from semiarid to mesic temperate. For each type of dung, both small and large sized baits were used. Under semiarid conditions{\textquoteright}(Morocco), three dung beetle assemblages were distinguished: small bait assemblages in any dung; large cattle bait assemblages; large sheep bait assemblages. Under more temperate conditions (southern France and the Alps), only large and small bait assemblages were observed, whatever the origin of the dung. Large baits attracted significantly more species and more beetles than did small baits, and very few species were attracted significantly more by either sheep or goat baits than by cattle baits. A significant, positive correlation between dung beetle size and dung pat size was observed in Morocco where the large species are predominant, whereas a negative relationship was observed in southern France where the small species are predominant. Cattle pats were more attractive for beetles under xeric and Mediterranean conditions (Morocco and southern France) that under cold temperate conditions (Alps).},
	keywords = {aphodius, assemblage composition, ba, baited pitfall traps, cattle, COLEOPTERA, colonization, dung beetle, GUILD, IVERMECTIN, mammal, patterns, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeoidea, scarabaeoidea col communities, spatial, trophic resource, variability},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000189311200006 },
	author = {Errouissi, F. and Haloti, S. and Jay-Robert, P. and Janati-Idrissi, A. and Lumaret, J. P.}
}
@article {1827,
	title = {Impacto ambiental de la ivermectina eliminada por bovinos tratados en otono, sobre la coprofauna y la degradacion de la materia fecal en pasturas (Tandil, Argentina)},
	journal = {Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {83-103},
	abstract = {A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of the ivermectin eliminated in the feces of treated calves on the coprofaune and on the physical degradation of dung pats naturally deposited during the autumn in the Tandil zone. Two experimental groups, located in different paddocks, were used. One group was treated subcutaneously with ivermectin (0,2 mg.kg) and the other remained as control group. The spot where feces were naturally evacuated in day 1,3,7,14, and 21 post treatment (dpt) was clearly identify. Fecal pats of each group were sampled at 1,3,7,14,21,30 and 60 days post deposition (dpd). The ivermectin concentration and organic matter percentage were determined and the arthropods present were collected. All the fecal samples of the treated calves presented drug, being samples on 1 and 3 dpt samples those with the higher concentration and higher organic matter content (p<0.05) for the whole experimental period too. Abundance and diversity of arthropods was reduced in samples from treated group (p<0.05). This effect was marked when comparing adults and larvae of nematocera and braquicera diptera and gamasida, actinedida and acaridida acari. Other groups of organisms showed reduced parameters without statistical significance. Also, the highest reductions in abundance and diversity were obtained in fecal samples of treated group at 1, 3 and 7 dpt in agreement with the highest concentration of ivermectin and the highest organic matter percentage. Consistently, the ivermectin eliminatedby cattle treated in autumn affect the faecal natural colonization of dung and delays the faecal degradation in the environment. },
	keywords = {Argentina, cattle dung, coprofile arthropods, ecotoxicity, IVERMECTIN},
	isbn = {0325-8718 print 1669-231},
	author = {Iglesias, L. E. and Saumell, C. A. and Fuse, L. A. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Rodriguez, E. M. and Steffan, P. E. and Fiel, C. A.}
}
@article {1830,
	title = {Adverse effects of ivermectin on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, and rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky and Copris acutidens Motschulsky (coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in Japan},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {619-625},
	abstract = {Effects of the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, 1867 and the rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky, 1860 and Copris acutidens Motschulsky, 1860 were studied in laboratory and field experiments in Hokkaido, Japan. Ivermectin was detected in dung from 1 to 21 or 28 days following treatment, with a peak on the first day after treatment in two pour-on administrations (500 mg kgx1), although there were considerable differ- ences between the two peaks. In C. jessoensis, brood balls constructed by the female were not reduced in the dung of treated cattle except for seven days after treatment in experiment 2. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean weight of brood balls between dung from treated and control cattle. However, the emergence rates were significantly reduced in dung 1{\textendash}3 days after treatment. In the field study, brood balls constructed by C. jessoensis were more abundant in dung from treated cattle in experiment 1, but adult emergence was significantly reduced at one and seven days after treatments. Adult mortality of C. ochus Motschulsky at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 11.1\% in dung from control cattle with 22 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 84\% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls and/or ovipositioning. Also, in C. acutidens Motschulsky, adult mortality at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 3.6\% in dung from control cattle with 13 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 94.1\% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls or ovipositioning. The environmental risk in the use of ivermectin during breeding period of dung beetles in pasture is discussed. },
	keywords = {dung beetle, IVERMECTIN, Japan},
	author = {Iwasa, M. and Maruo, T. and Ueda, M. and Yamashita, N.}
}
@article {1831,
	title = {Nontarget effects of ivermectin on coprophagous insects in Japan},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1485-1492},
	abstract = {Effects of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin on the dung-breeding {\ss}ies and beetles Liatongus minutus (Motschulsky) were studied in laboratory and {\TH}eld experiments in Hokkaido, Japan. Ivermectin was detected in dung from 1 to 21 d after treatment, with a peak at the {\TH}rst day after treatment in two pour-on administrations (500 },
	keywords = {IVERMECTIN, Japan, Liatongus minutus, Musca bezzii, Scatophaga stercoraria},
	author = {Iwasa, Mitsuhiro and Nakamura, Tomokazu and Fukaki, Kyoko and Yamashita, Nobuo}
}
@article {1953,
	title = {Field effects of ivermectin residues on dung beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {428-436},
	abstract = {1. The effects and the persistence of a single injection of ivermectin (lvomecR) to steers, at the recommended dose rate of 200 yg kg-{\textquoteright} body weight, were studied in spring field experiments (Spanish conditions). 2. Elimination of ivermectin by cattle (faecal route) was rapid (12 days), with a peak in day 5. The persistence of ivermectin in dropped dung was low under field conditions (<6 days). 3. The drug itself did not increase attraction of beetles to dung. The attraction of beetles to dung from treated animals increased after day 5 until day 17, beyond the time when ivermectin was available. The hypothesis made was that ivermectin modified the gut flora of treated cattle after the peak of elimination. Watering of pats did not influence results. 4. Ivermectin concentration in dung dropped on days 1and 10 post-treatment in- hibited the development of larvae of the dung-dwelling Diptera Neomyia cornicina. At the former concentration, it inhibited the development of the dung beetle Euoniticellus fulvus whereas, for the latter, a slight delay in development was observed. 5. The consequences of routine treatment of cattle with ivermectin on non-target organisms are discussed. The risks for the environment are different according to insect groups and countries, mainly due to differences in conditions of temperature and degradation of ivermectin.},
	keywords = {attraction, COLEOPTERA, diptera, Dung beetles, elimination, environmental risks., IVERMECTIN, persistence},
	author = {Lumaret, Jean-Pierre and Galante, E. and Lumbreras, C. and Mena, J. and Bertrand, M. and Bernal, J. L. and Cooper, J. F. and Kadiri, N. and Crowe, D.}
}
@article {1967,
	title = {Treating cattle with ivermectin: effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pats},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1-15},
	keywords = {cattle, dung beetle, IVERMECTIN},
	author = {Madsen, M. and Overgaard Nielsen, B. and Holter, P. and Pedersen, O. C. and Brochner Jespersen, J. and Vagn Jensen, K.-M. and Nansen, P. and Gronvold, J.}
}
@article {1652,
	title = {Endectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treated cattle: implications for toxicity tests},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312-322},
	abstract = {A 3-year study was performed in southern Alberta, Canada to assess the ef- fect of endectocide residues on the attractiveness of cattle dung to colonizing insects. In 2003 and 2004, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and paired traps baited with dung of cattle that had been treated 7 days previously with topically applied doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin or moxidectin. Faecal residues associated with each compound affected insect captures in both spring and autumn of each year. Effects were detected ( P  < 0.05) for a total of 94 cases  representing 27 insect taxa from 13 families in three orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera). Two-fold differences in captures were common. Up to six-fold differ- ences were observed. Eleven cases of attraction and 11 cases of repellency were associ- ated with residues of doramectin. Eprinomectin tended to repel insects, with decreased captures for 19 of 29 cases of effect. Ivermectin showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 25 cases. Moxidectin also showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 18 cases. Comparisons between compounds suggested that results for doramectin best predicted results for eprinomectin and vice versa. In 2005, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and traps baited with dung from cattle treated 3, 7 or 14 days previously with topically applied doramectin. Effects were detected in 14 cases plus one case of near significance ( P  = 0.053). Significant differences between control vs. days 3, 7 and/or 14 dung were detected in nine cases. Residues enhanced captures in seven of these cases. Day 14 dung affected captures in six of these cases. This study shows that endec- tocide residues can affect the number of insects attracted to colonize and oviposit in dung. Hence, the emergence of their offspring from field-colonized dung of untreated vs. endectocide-treated cattle should not be used as a measure of residue toxicity per se, but rather as a measure of  {\textquoteleft} insect activity {\textquoteright} . Insect activity is a composite measure of residue toxicity, the number and species composition of insect colonists, and the mortal- ity factors (e.g. predation, parasitism, competition) associated with the co-occurrence of these species in the dung pat.},
	keywords = {attraction, doramectin, Dung, eprinomectin, faecal residues, IVERMECTIN, moxidectin, non-target effects, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Floate, K. D.}
}
@article {1656,
	title = {Larvicidal activity of endectocides against pest flies in the dung of treated cattle},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {117-120},
	type = {short communication},
	keywords = {canada, doramectin, endectocides, eprinomectin, faecal residues, Haematobia irritans, IVERMECTIN, macrocyclic lactones, moxidectin, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans},
	author = {Floate, K. D. and Spooner, R. W. and Colwell, D. D.}
}
@article {2204,
	title = {Models to assist the evaluation of the impact of avermectins on dung insect populations},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	volume = {110},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {165-173},
	abstract = {Avermectins are widely employed by farmers and veterinarians to control both internal and external livestock parasites. Following treatment of livestock, avermectins are gradually eliminated in faeces where they retain many of their insecticidal properties. However the timing and extent of typical parasite control measures, coupled with the eventual excretion and in situ degradation of avermectin residues, strongly suggests that only a proportion of the local cophrophilous insect population will be exposed to the active compound. This paper outlines one of the first formal attempts to quantitatively estimate the degree of exposure of dung insects to avermectins and the subsequent impact of this compound on their populations. An analytical model was employed to clarify the relationship between key variables, while a detail-rich, simulation model provided estimates of insect mortality in cattle farms under more realistic sets of assumptions. The impact of avermectins on dung insect populations was shown to be highly dependent on factors such as the proportion of cattle treated, the length of time faeces remain attractive and the time taken by cattle to excrete all active residues. In typical cattle farming systems, estimates of the maximum cumulative insect mortality in a given season were rarely },
	keywords = {Cophrophilous insect, Ecotoxicology, Exposure, IVERMECTIN},
	author = {Sherratt, Thomas N. and Macdougall, A. D. and Wratten, S. D. and Forbes, A. B.}
}
@article {2240,
	title = {Effects of ivermectin and doramectin faecal residues on the invertebrate colonization of cattle dung},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {481-488},
	abstract = {The effects of avermectin [ivermectin (IVM) and doramectin (DRM)] faecal residues on dung colonization and degradation by invertebrates were evaluated during late spring in the east of La Pampa province, Argentina. The study was conducted after collection of faecal material from animals (10 steers per group) allocated to the following groups: untreated control group (CG) and groups treated subcutaneously (200 lg/kg) with either DRM (DG) or a long-acting formulation of IVM (IG). Fifty pats (550 g each) per group were collected, prepared and deposited on the field on days 3, 7, 16 and 29 post-treatment (pt). Eight pats per group were recovered after 7, 14, 21, 42, 100 and 180 days post-deposition (pd) on the field. The weight, percentage of dry matter, number of arthropods and nematodes from faeces were determined. The faecal concentrations of IVM and DRM were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) throughout the trial period to correlate the pattern of drug degradation in dung with pd time. The total number of arthropods in dungs from CG was higher (P < 0.05) than those counted between days 3 and 29 pt in IG and DG. A decrease in the number of Coleoptera larvae (P < 0.05) between days 21 and 42 days pd was observed in both treated groups. Diptera larvae counts in CG pats were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained in treated groups in the 7- and 14-day-old pats. A lower number (P < 0.05) of Collembola, compared with pats from CG, was recovered from IG and DG pats deposited at days 3 and 7 pt and exposed from day 42. The counts of Acari in pats from treated animals were lower (P < 0.05) than those observed in CG pats at 3, 8 and 16 days pt. There were no differences neither in adult Scarabaeidae recovered nor in the proportions of dung buried and destroyed by great dung beetles. Dung specific nematodes were reduced (P < 0.05) in IG and DG pats from 3 and 7 days pt compared with those of CG pats. The comparative results shown here demonstrate that the negative effects of both IVM and DRM on dung colonization are similar. The pattern of drug degradation in the environment was very slow. High residual concentrations of both active parent compounds were recovered in dungs exposed in the field for up to 180 days pd. Concentrations as high as 13 ng/g (IVM) and 101 ng/g (DRM) were measured in faeces obtained from pats deposited on day 27 pt and exposed to the environment during 180 days. The results show a decrease in invertebrate colonization of dung recovered from IVM- and DRM-treated cattle, which is in agreement with the large drug residual concentrations measured in faeces. },
	keywords = {cattle-nematoda, doramectin, dung-fauna, environmental toxicity, faecal residues, IVERMECTIN},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Suarez, V. H. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Sallovitz, J. M. and Lanusse, C. E.}
}
@article {2311,
	title = {The effctes of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin on the development and survival of the dung-breeding fly Orthelia cornicina (F.) and the scarabaeine dung beetles Copris hispanus L., Bubas bubalus (Oliver) and Onitis belial F.},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {106},
	year = {1988},
	note = {need copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	pages = {381-389},
	keywords = {dung beetle, ecosystem service, IVERMECTIN, parasite, toxicity dung beetle},
	author = {Wardhaugh, K. G. and Rodriguez-Menendez, H}
}
