@article {1343,
	title = {Effects of paracoprid dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) on the growth of pasture herbage and on the underlying soil},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6T4B-4F29SYH-1\&_user=686380\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&view=c\&_acct=C000037521\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=686380\&md5=f15c8507f0daa16078938ddb5d646133julio has hard copy},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {165-171},
	abstract = {Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine effects of three paracoprid dung beetles, Copris ochus (Motschulsky), Copris tripartitus Waterhouse and Onthophagus lenzii Harold, on the growth of pasture herbage and physical characteristics of the underlying soil. Treatments consisted of beetles plus dung, dung only and controls with neither dung nor beetles present. In the field in 2001, higher herbage yields were obtained with O. lenzii >= C. ochus = C. tripartitus >= only dung = control after 5 months. The air permeability of soil at a depth of 10 cm was highest when C. ochus was present (0.56 cm h(-1)), and lowest in the control (0.38 cm h(-1)). However, no significant differences were found among treatments in air permeability at 20 cm. In 2002/2003, the presence of all three species of dung beetle together was associated with higher herbage yields and with higher percentage nitrogen content than the control. In the laboratory, the presence of C. ochus and C. tripartitus was found to increase significantly the total crude protein in grass shoots and total digestible nutrient, compared with the control. The digestibility, dry intake and relative feed value of perennial ryegrass were highest where feces had been buried by O. lenzii. Acid detergent fiber was low in all treatments. The data suggest that the tunneling of paracoprid beetles improves the physicochemical characteristics of soil and increases the feed value of herbage by mixing and incorporating organic matter into the soil.},
	keywords = {aphodius, cattle dung, cow dung, Dung beetles, earthworms, ecological function, ecosystem services, feed value, herbage yield, nitrogen, soil aeration},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000229792300006 },
	author = {Bang, Hea Son and Lee, Joon-Ho and Kwon, Oh Seok and Na, Young Eun and Jang, Yong Seon and Kim, Won Ho}
}
@article {1916,
	title = {Amounts of dung buried and soil excavated by certain Coprini (Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {1933},
	note = {have copy and digital copy (low quality)some observations of his- that 2 Dichotomius carolinus could remove nearly an entire cow pie, that they avoided horse dung. they were very seasonally active- appeared in may and disappeared in october. a single beetle could move between 6.2 and 126.8 grams of manure into their burrow, 11-57 cm deep. removal of between 96.4 and 1220.9g. gives stats of amount of dung removed and soil moved by a few different species. Dung beetle pairs do more (in varying ratios) than single beetles. this paper points to seasonal variation in the depth and distance from the dung pat of tunnels made by D. carolinus, Copris tullis and Phanaeus. these tunnels were all differetly shaped, lacking in branches and pockets and stored manure, all at least twice as deep as others, and may represent their overwintering tunnels},
	pages = {109-125},
	keywords = {annotated, Dung, dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, fertilization, nitrogen, soil},
	author = {Lindquist, Arthur}
}
