@article {1420,
	title = {Body-Size, Abundance, and Geographical-Distribution of Afrotropical Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Times Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 25Cited References:      BLACKBURN TM, 1993, J ANIM ECOL, V62, P519     BLACKBURN TM, 1993, J ANIM ECOL, V62, P694     BLACKBURN TM, 1992, OIKOS, V65, P107     BROWN JH, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P1145     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P36     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P51     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P156     COTGREAVE P, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P244     CURRIE DJ, 1993, OIKOS, V67, P56     CURRIE DJ, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P353     DAMUTH J, 1987, BIOL J LINN SOC, V31, P193     DAMUTH J, 1993, NATURE, V365, P748     DAMUTH J, 1991, NATURE, V351, P268     GASTON KJ, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P662     GRIFFITHS D, 1992, J ANIM ECOL, V61, P307     GRIFFITHS D, 1987, NATURE, V328, P117     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P283     HEINRICH B, 1979, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V52, P484     LAWTON JH, 1989, OIKOS, V55, P429     LAWTON JH, 1991, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V330, P2833     LUMARET JP, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P349     NEE S, 1991, NATURE, V351, P312     PAGEL MD, 1991, AM NAT, V138, P836     STORK NE, 1993, OIKOS, V67, P483     WHITE F, 1986, VEGETATION AFRICAEnglishArticlePJ666ACTA OECOL},
	pages = {165-179},
	abstract = {Local and regional abundances of Afrotropical dung beetle species, as well as their regional and continental distributions, have been found to depend on their average individual fresh weight. At the local and regional scales, small-bodied species are numerically more abundant than their larger relatives, but large-bodied species have a larger total biomass and control a larger proportion of available resources. At the regional scale, large dung beetle species occur in fewer localities than small ones, but, at the continental scale, geographical distribution is wider.},
	keywords = {abundance, afrotropical region, beetles, biomass, communities, Dung, dynamics, energy use, energy-use, geographical distribution, natural animal assemblages, patterns, population-density, size},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PJ66600005},
	author = {Cambefort, Y.}
}
@article {1421,
	title = {Beetles as Religious Symbols},
	journal = {Cultural Entomology Digest},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {15},
	abstract = {The scarab is generally associated with old Egypt which indeed made this beetle their most important religious symbol; however, scarabs and other beetles have been worshiped in various ways from Prehistory. This paper will show the Egyptians{\textquoteright} use of the scarab beetles as neither accidental or unique and only the most obvious of many sacred beetle examples throughout history. },
	author = {Cambefort, Yves}
}
@article {1485,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation in southern Africa and distributional response patterns in five specialist or generalist dung beetle families (Coleoptera)},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {192-207},
	abstract = {Effects of habitat fragmentation on spatial distribution patterns of dung beetles were studied in the southwestern Cape in the winter rainfall region of South Africa, where indigenous shrubland has been extensively replaced with crops and pastures. The six most abundant higher taxa of dung beetles showed a range from higher to low discrimination in response to spatial variables based on the results for principal components analysis (PCA) (Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Histeridae, Staphylinidae: predatory subfamilies, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae). Vegetation type was the principal determinant of spatial distribution whereas annual temperature and rainfall were of much lesser importance. Across the taxonomic sequence from higher to low spatial discrimination, there was a trend from higher to lower proportions of indigenous shrubland specialists. This taxonomic sequence to decreasing spatial discrimination was also related to increasing percentage taxonomic similarity between species assemblages of the higher taxa in the southwestern Cape and those in the distant Transvaal, summer rainfall region PCA (variance) reflected this relationship between local and subcontinental scales of spatial distribution better than a generalization/specialization index (niche width). Species which were widespread on a subcontinental scale (n=25), showed greater pasture associations in the southwestern Cape than in the Transvaal. These trends in spatial distribution patterns indicate that, in response to habitat fragmentation, there has been proportionally greater, recent recruitment of species into southwestern Cape assemblages from spatially less discriminating higher taxa than from spatially more discriminating taxa.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Aphodiidae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Behavior-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Histeridae- (Coleoptera-), Hydro, Invertebrata-, Physiology-},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1486,
	title = {Community organization in a South African, winter rainfall, dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {727-738},
	keywords = {assemblage, community, Dung, Scarabaeidae, south africa, winter rainfall},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1487,
	title = {Compositional differences between dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s. str.) assemblages in winter and summer rainfall climates},
	journal = {African Entomology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {45-51},
	keywords = {assemblages, Dung, Scarabaeidae, summer rainfall, winter rainfall},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1488,
	title = {Associations of afrotropical Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiidae: Staphylinidae: Hydrophilidae: Histeridae) with dung and decaying matter: implications for selection of fly-control agents for Australia},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {383-399},
	keywords = {Aphodiinae, decaying matter, Dung, fly-control, histeridae, hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, staphylinidae},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V.}
}
@article {1682,
	title = {Spatial and temporal co-occurrence of competitors in Southern African dung beetle communities},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	volume = {63},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {629-643},
	abstract = {1. Co-occurrence of 11 species of crepuscular-nocturnal medium-sized tunnelling dung beetles from two core functional groups that vary in their rate of dung burial was examined at a range of spatial and temporal scales to identify the likely extent to which competition for dung might affect the structure of beetle communities of subtropical pasture. 2. At the largest scale, clear seasonal co-occurrence and similar habitat preferences (soil type and vegetation associations) were found amongst the species. 3. Medium- and fine-scale distributions of the species were investigated across nine blocks of dung-baited traps dispersed over a 400 ha tract of open cattle pasture, on deep sandy soil in Natal, South Africa. Traps were baited overnight and cleared in the morning in two series of three successive days. 4. There was marked variation in mean numbers caught within and between each 3-day trapping period, and also between blocks in the total number of beetles (pooled over species) or individual species caught per block. The spatial relationship for total beetles between blocks persisted for several days, but not several weeks. 5. Significant intraspecific aggregation was apparent for all species at the medium spatial scale amongst individual pads and between blocks over the 400 ha, but at the finest spatial scale (within blocks) most species were randomly distributed on most occasions, irrespective of the abundance of the species. The actual level of aggregation was thus found to increase at higher spatial scales. 6. Pairwise species comparisons showed little or no positive association on the majority of occasions and negative pairwise associations were exceedingly rare. Positive association between the two functional groups was stronger, however, and positive species association at the community-wide level was evident on most occasions. 7. There was thus some evidence of independent spatial aggregation patterns amongst individual species on a medium spatial scale (400 ha), but not on a fine scale (100 m-2). Intraspecific/functional group aggregation tended to be greater than interspecific/functional group aggregation at all scales of analysis. Despite this, beetle densities in a considerable proportion of pads in the field would indicate, based on previous experimental evidence, that significant levels of inter- and intraspecific/functional group competition for dung is likely to occur. Thus, the aggregative behaviour of species documented here is not predicted to significantly diminish the level of interspecific competition within and between the two functional groups in this system.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Catharsius-tricornutus (Coleoptera-), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Cop, Copris-elphenor (Coleoptera-), Copris-fallaciosus (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Physiology-},
	author = {Giller, Paul S. and Doube, Bernard M.}
}
@article {1862,
	title = {A preliminary study of the invasion and dispersal of Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) in Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {35-42},
	keywords = {dispersal, introduced fauna, Mexico, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Kohlmann, Bert}
}
@article {1927,
	title = {Relaciones entre escarabajos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) y nidos de tuza (Rodentia: Geomydae): implicaciones biologicas y biogeograficas},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1-9},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, association with rodents, nests, Onthophagus, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {1938,
	title = {Local distribution and coexistence of Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) and Onthophagus batesi Howden and Cartwright 1963 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {117-127},
	abstract = {With data coming from two Mexican Neotropical localities, an analysis of the main niche dimensions of two potential competitors was carried out: an introduced Indoafrican species (D. gazella) and a native one (O. batesi). Both species show similar daily activity. They coexist in grasslands bordering on tropical forest opened for cattle activity. Results show spatial segregation at local level: both species inhabit open areas but O. batesi less so. This latter species also inhabits the forest, mainly at the edge zones. The possible causes of this spatial segregation along the environmental gradient could be related with a different detection capacity of the two species. Since their flying activity occurs at dusk and dawn, we suggest that the detection of humidity has an important role in the observed segregation. We propose that the adults colonize dung pats located in places with suitable environmental conditions that secure progeny survivorship. However. the possibility of competition between these species, cannot be ruled out. From a historic-evolutive perspective the coexistence of both species is recent. It is necessary to determine the spatial behavior of either species where the other one is missing. What happens with possible interactions in overlapping zones (edge-grassland) and studies about immigration-emigration rates from dung pats in these zones, where the two species coexist, are questions for future research.},
	keywords = {a, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Behavior-, Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digitonthophagus-gazella (Organisms-Unspecified), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Onthophagus-batesi (Coleoptera-), Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Montes, De Oca Enrique}
}
@article {1987,
	title = {Observaciones sobre algunos factores microambientales y el ciclo biologico de dos especies de escarabajos rodadores (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Canthon)},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Mexicana},
	volume = {91},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {47-59},
	keywords = {canthon, COLEOPTERA, environment, life cycle, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and Montes de Oca, Enrique}
}
@article {1597,
	title = {Further record and observations of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) at carnivore dung in eastern Australia},
	journal = {Victorian Entomologist },
	volume = {24},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67},
	keywords = {carnivore, Dung, dung beetle, food resources, mammal, mammals},
	author = {Faithfull, I}
}
@article {1640,
	title = {Resource partitioning in coprophagous beetles from sheep dung: phenology and microhabitat preferences},
	journal = {Zool. Jb. Syst.},
	volume = {121},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {171-192},
	abstract = {On a pasture in SW-Germany coprophagous beetles (Scarabaeidae, Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae and Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) from sheep droppings were studied conside- ring the following niche dimensions: season, size, type and water content of the dropping. 1. Phenological differences were found especially within endocoprid Scarabaeidae. Dominant Aphodius-species. were clearly separated from each other by their phenology, while nearly all Hydrophilidae from the genus Cercyon and paracoprid Scarabaeidae were most abundant in May. 2. Sheep produce different types of droppings, either compact lumps or small pellets. The latter are mostly deposited in groups. Since these pellets dry out quickly, but rehydrate during rainfall, a high variability of humidity conditions makes pellets unattractive to many dung bettles. 3. Pairwise niche overlap indices in coprophagous beetles from sheep droppings were calculated regarding two niche dimensions: dropping size and water content. Cluster trees showed a clear distinction between species according to these microhabitat factors. Especially Hydrophilidae tend to avoid small droppings which might be due to unstable humidity conditions there. Mean intrageneric overlap within genera with more than one species was equal to or even higher than mean intergeneric overlap rates.},
	author = {Fischer, Gustav and Jena, Verlag}
}
@article {2008,
	title = {The mystery of Scarabaeus affinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Why Scarabaeus affinis was not found between 1971 and 1993?},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Hungarica},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {379-380},
	keywords = {distributional status analysis, hungary, scarabaeus affinis},
	author = {Medvegy, M. and Muskovics, J.}
}
@article {2043,
	title = {Presence of the exotic dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Northern Mexico},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {244},
	author = {Montes de Oca, Enrique}
}
@article {2091,
	title = {Habitat specificity in African dung beetles: The effect of soil type on the survival of dung beetle immatures (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {1-10},
	abstract = {The immature stages of two dung beetle species Allgymnopleurus thalassinus Klug 1855 and Allogymnopleurus consocius Peringuey 1900 were reared in the laboratory in three textural classes of soil under different conditions of soil moisture in order to determine whether differential mortality in different soil types could help explain the strong associations between soil type and beetle abundance in the field. Larvae survived well in dry and moist soil treatments, regardless of soil type, but poorly in wet soil treatments. The effect of soil moisture on the distribution of both species in different soil types is discussed.},
	keywords = {Allogymnopleurus-consocius (Coleoptera-), Allogymnopleurus-thalassinus (Coleoptera-), Animalia-, Animals-, arthropod, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Pathology-, Physiology-, Soil-Science},
	author = {Osberg, D. C. and Doube, B. M. and Hanrahan, S. A.}
}
@article {2126,
	title = {The influence of horn and body size on the reproductive behavior of the horned rainbow scarab beetle Phanaeus difformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {67-82},
	abstract = {The reproductive behavior of horned rainbow scarab beetles, Phanaeus difformis, was studied to determine the influence of morphological traits on intersexual and intrasexual interactions. Phanaeus difformis is a sexually dimorphic dung beetle in which males possess much larger horns than females, and males can be grouped into "major" and "minor" male morph categories based on horn size. Male-female pairs cooperated in nest construction and provisioning. In the laboratory, males of both morphs assisted females and were equally successful at copulating. However, in the field larger individuals had a pairing advantage due to greater success in intrasexual competition. Some males used an alternative mating tactic which involved sneaking copulations with paired females. In most cases the sneak male was smaller than the paired male.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Genetics-, in, Invertebrata-, morphology-, Phanaeus-difformis (Coleoptera-), Physiology-, Reproductive-System (Reproduction-)},
	author = {Rasmussen, Janet L.}
}
@article {2249,
	title = {Dung Burial by Native and Introduced Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Agricultural Research},
	volume = {45},
	number = {8},
	year = {1994},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {1799-1808},
	abstract = {The quantity of dung buried and shredded by dung beetles at four sites in south-eastern Australia was found to be positively correlated with the dry weight (biomass) of beetles in the pads. Each of the four sites has two abundant native species of dung beetles, and one to five well-established introduced species present. At Uriarra, where only one introduced species is common, a mean of 7.21+/-1.94\% (1990-91) and 6.01+/-1.31\% (1991-92) of the dung was buried per week. At Fyshwick, with two common introduced species of dung beetles, 22.27+/-4.03\% (1990-91) and 12.04+/-2.72\% (1991-92) of the dung was buried per week. Braidwood, with four introduced species, had a mean of 15.81+/-2.82\% (1991-92) weekly dung buried, and Araluen, with five introduced species, had 30.18+/-8.73\% (1992-93) dung buried per week. Dung beetle numbers were low at all sites during the first half of 1991-92 season due to a drought throughout the region. Dung shredding averaged less than 12\% over the seasons at all sites, but fluctuated from 0 to 70\%, depending mainly on beetle numbers in the dung pads on individual occasions. Increasing numbers of exotic dung beetles throughout the pastoral areas of Australia should result in increased amounts of dung buried and shredded, with correspondingly increased benefits to Australian agriculture.},
	keywords = {Australia, COLEOPTERA, dung beetle, ecological function, ecosystem service, onthophagus-binodis},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PQ61300013},
	author = {Tyndale-Biscoe, M}
}
@article {2315,
	title = {Dungbewohnende blatthornkafer (Scarabaeoidea) und Wasserkafer},
	journal = {Mitt. bad Landesver. Naturkunde u. Naturschutz},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	month = {july},
	pages = {75-83},
	abstract = {In an all-the-year-round survey on the coprophagous beetles of a submediterranian pasture at the Kaiserstuhl (SW-Germany), dung pads were collected twice a month (1st, 15th) and the beetles within were extracted by the method of flotation. From a total mass of 565 kg cow- and sheep-droppings, 40,298 beetles from 54 species, including 12 very rare species, could be detected.},
	author = {Wassmer, Thomas and Himmelsbach, Waltraud and Himmelsbach, Rolf}
}
@article {2316,
	title = {Die coprophagen Kafer der Schafweide "Flachsland" am Schonberg bei Freiburg},
	journal = {Veroff. Naturschutz Land.},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {355-376},
	author = {Wassmer, Thomas and Sowig,Peter}
}
@article {2364,
	title = {Comportamento alimentare di Copris lunaris (L.) e Bubas bison (L.) in condizioni sperimentali: risultati preliminari (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidea)},
	journal = {Naturalista Siciliano},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {137-143},
	author = {Zunino, Mario and Monteresino, Estela}
}
