@article {1312,
	title = {Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {145-158},
	keywords = {Alouatta, Ateles, Dung beetles, secondary dispersal, seed dispersal, seed fate, seed predation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000079672600014},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1316,
	title = {Primary seed dispersal by red howler monkeys and the effect of defecation patterns on the fate of dispersed seeds},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {569EEBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {261-272},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the quantity and quality of dispersal. The quality of dispersal depends in large part on factors that affect the post-dispersal fate of seeds, and yet this aspect of dispersal quality is rarely assessed. In the particular case of seed dispersal through endozoochory the defecation pattern produced has the potential of affecting the fate of dispersed seeds and consequently, dispersal quality and effectiveness. In this study, I assessed the effects of dung presence and dung/seed densities on seed predation by rodents and seconclary dispersal by dung beetles. In particular, I compared seed fates in clumped defecation patterns, as those produced by howler monkeys, with seed faces in scattered defecation patterns, as those produced by other frugivores. I also determined the prevalence of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) as seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonia by determining the number of species they dispersed in a 25-month period. I found chat dung presence and a-mount affected rodent and dung beetle behavior. Seed predation rates were higher when dung was present, and when it was in higher densities. The same number of seeds was buried by dung beetles, in clumped versus scattered defecation patterns, but more seeds were buried when they were inside large dung-piles versus small piles. Seed density had no effect on rodent or dung beetle behavior. Results indicate that caution should be taken when categorizing an animal as a high or low quality seed disperser before carefully examining the factors that affect the fate of dispersed seeds. Red howler monkeys dispersed the seeds of 137 species during the study period, which is the highest yet reported number for an Alouatta species, and should thus be considered highly prevalent seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonian terra firme rain forests.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Central Amazonia, defecation pattern, dispersal, Dung beetles, dung beetles scarabaeidae, howler monkeys, los, postdispersal, primary seed dispersal, secondary seed, seed, seed fate, tropical moist forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176587000008},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1594,
	title = {Dung beetles attracted to mammalian herbivore (Alouatta palliata) and omnivore (Nasua narica) dung in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {45-54},
	keywords = {Alouatta, dung beetle, mammal mammals, Mexico, nasua narica, Scarabaeidae, tropical rainforest},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Halffter, Gonzalo and Coates-Estrada, Rosamond and Meritt, Dennis}
}
@article {2229,
	title = {Effects of seed dispersal by three ateline monkey species on seed germination at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1187-1204},
	abstract = {We examined the effect of seed ingestion by three ateline primates: woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha; spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth; and, red howler, Alouatta seniculus on germination rates and latency periods of seeds of several plant species in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. We collected dispersed seeds from feces and control seeds from the parental trees and washed them for germination trials. For the majority of plants, dispersed seeds germinated as well or better than control seeds did. Although spider monkeys depend more heavily on fruits than the other monkey species do, they were not more efficient than howlers or woolly monkeys at improving germination rates. A considerable proportion of the seeds dispersed by howlers and woolly monkeys showed reduced latency periods to germination, but spider monkeys showed less effect on reducing germination time. This result may be related to longer gut retention times, but such a trend has not been observed in other primate species. We conclude that, like many other primates, ateline monkeys are effective seed dispersers in terms of their effects on the seeds they swallow because they rarely decrease their germination rates. We discuss problems that make interspecific comparisons difficult, such as inappropriate control seeds and differences associated with germination substrates, and we stress the importance of studying other components of seed dispersal effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Ateles belzebuth, Dung beetles, ecology, feeding, french-guiana, fruit, germination rate, Lagothrix lagothricha, LAGOTHRIX-LAGOTRICHA, latency period, los-tuxtlas, primates, seed dispersal, seniculus, TRE, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179360100003 },
	author = {Stevenson, P. R. and Castellanos, M. C. and Pizarro, J. C. and Garavito, M.}
}
