@article {1371,
	title = {Seasonal activity and species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in North Carolina},
	journal = {Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America},
	volume = {98},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {digital copy disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {May},
	pages = {309-321},
	abstract = {Species composition and seasonal distribution of dung beetles were studied on dairy and beef cattle pastures in North Carolina. Study sites included a dairy located in the piedmont region (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC) and a combined dairy/beef facility in the coastal plain (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC). Dung beetles were trapped in cattle pastures from March 2002 through September 2003 by using dung-baited pitfall traps. Trapping yielded 4,111 beetles representing 14 species from the piedmont dairy, including Aphodius prodromus Brahm, a new record for North Carolina. Totals of 57,026 beetles representing 28 species and 28,857 beetles representing 26 species were trapped from the dairy unit and beef unit in the coastal plain site, respectively. Onthophagus gazella (F.), a second new record for North Carolina, was collected from the coastal plain. Beetles common to all collection sites include Aphodius erraticus (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Aphodius granarius (L.), Aphodius pseudolividus Balthasar, Onthophagus tattrus Scbreber, Onthophagus hecate hecate Panzer, and Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. The introduced beetle O. taurus dominated the dung beetle population, accounting for \&GT; 50\% of the total beetles caught at either site. Beetle activity was greatest from March until November, with activity declining during the winter. Nine exotic species in the genera Onthophagus and Aphodius represented nearly 95\% of the beetles trapped.},
	keywords = {African buffalo fly, aphodius, bovine dung, canada, cattle, coastal-plain, diptera, dung beetle, flies, growth, habitat, muscidae, north america, north carolina dung beetle, Onthophagus, onthophagus-taurus, piedmont, SURVIVAL},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228963400009 },
	author = {Bertone, Matt and Green, Jim and Washburn, Steve and Poore, Matt and Sorenson, Clyde and Watson, D. Wes}
}
@article {1565,
	title = {Phylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Suppl. S},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {47-56},
	abstract = {Dung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.},
	keywords = {ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS, body-size, DIMORPHISM, FEMALE CHOICE, FIDDLER-CRAB, FIGHTS, FOOD RELOCATION, onthophagus-taurus, SELECTION, SEXUAL, TRADE-OFFS},
	isbn = {0010-065X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 },
	author = {Emlen, D. J.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Phylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Suppl. S},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {47-56},
	type = {monograph},
	abstract = {Dung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.},
	keywords = {ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS, body-size, DIMORPHISM, FEMALE CHOICE, FIDDLER-CRAB, FIGHTS, FOOD RELOCATION, onthophagus-taurus, SELECTION, SEXUAL, TRADE-OFFS},
	isbn = {0010-065X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 },
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J. and Philips, T. Keith}
}
