@article {1826,
	title = {Environmental impact of ivermectin excreted by cattle treated in autumn on dung fauna and degradation of faeces on pasture},
	journal = {Parasitology Research},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2006},
	month = {july},
	pages = {93-102},
	abstract = {The effect of ivermectin excreted in faeces of treated cattle on dung fauna and dung degradation on pasture during autumn was evaluated. Two groups of calves were used. One group was treated subcutaneously with ivermectin while the other remained as untreated control. Faeces deposited on 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post-treatment (dpt) were removed on 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days post- deposition (dpd) and were used to determine the concen- tration of ivermectin and the percentage of organic matter and for the collection of colonising organisms. Samples from 1 and 3 dpt contained the highest drug concentration and percentage of organic matter compared to the control group (p<0.05). Faeces from the treated group showed lesser abundance and diversity of arthropods (p<0.05) than the control group. A reduction in numbers and diversity of dung fauna in faecal samples from treated animals was most remarkable at 1, 3 and 7 dpt, coinciding with the highest concentration of ivermectin and organic matter percentage. },
	author = {Iglesias, L. E. and Saumell, C. A. and Fernandez, A. S. and Fuse, L. A. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Rodriguez, E. M. and Steffan, P. E. and Fiel, C. A.}
}
@article {1827,
	title = {Impacto ambiental de la ivermectina eliminada por bovinos tratados en otono, sobre la coprofauna y la degradacion de la materia fecal en pasturas (Tandil, Argentina)},
	journal = {Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {83-103},
	abstract = {A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of the ivermectin eliminated in the feces of treated calves on the coprofaune and on the physical degradation of dung pats naturally deposited during the autumn in the Tandil zone. Two experimental groups, located in different paddocks, were used. One group was treated subcutaneously with ivermectin (0,2 mg.kg) and the other remained as control group. The spot where feces were naturally evacuated in day 1,3,7,14, and 21 post treatment (dpt) was clearly identify. Fecal pats of each group were sampled at 1,3,7,14,21,30 and 60 days post deposition (dpd). The ivermectin concentration and organic matter percentage were determined and the arthropods present were collected. All the fecal samples of the treated calves presented drug, being samples on 1 and 3 dpt samples those with the higher concentration and higher organic matter content (p<0.05) for the whole experimental period too. Abundance and diversity of arthropods was reduced in samples from treated group (p<0.05). This effect was marked when comparing adults and larvae of nematocera and braquicera diptera and gamasida, actinedida and acaridida acari. Other groups of organisms showed reduced parameters without statistical significance. Also, the highest reductions in abundance and diversity were obtained in fecal samples of treated group at 1, 3 and 7 dpt in agreement with the highest concentration of ivermectin and the highest organic matter percentage. Consistently, the ivermectin eliminatedby cattle treated in autumn affect the faecal natural colonization of dung and delays the faecal degradation in the environment. },
	keywords = {Argentina, cattle dung, coprofile arthropods, ecotoxicity, IVERMECTIN},
	isbn = {0325-8718 print 1669-231},
	author = {Iglesias, L. E. and Saumell, C. A. and Fuse, L. A. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Rodriguez, E. M. and Steffan, P. E. and Fiel, C. A.}
}
@article {2240,
	title = {Effects of ivermectin and doramectin faecal residues on the invertebrate colonization of cattle dung},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {481-488},
	abstract = {The effects of avermectin [ivermectin (IVM) and doramectin (DRM)] faecal residues on dung colonization and degradation by invertebrates were evaluated during late spring in the east of La Pampa province, Argentina. The study was conducted after collection of faecal material from animals (10 steers per group) allocated to the following groups: untreated control group (CG) and groups treated subcutaneously (200 lg/kg) with either DRM (DG) or a long-acting formulation of IVM (IG). Fifty pats (550 g each) per group were collected, prepared and deposited on the field on days 3, 7, 16 and 29 post-treatment (pt). Eight pats per group were recovered after 7, 14, 21, 42, 100 and 180 days post-deposition (pd) on the field. The weight, percentage of dry matter, number of arthropods and nematodes from faeces were determined. The faecal concentrations of IVM and DRM were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) throughout the trial period to correlate the pattern of drug degradation in dung with pd time. The total number of arthropods in dungs from CG was higher (P < 0.05) than those counted between days 3 and 29 pt in IG and DG. A decrease in the number of Coleoptera larvae (P < 0.05) between days 21 and 42 days pd was observed in both treated groups. Diptera larvae counts in CG pats were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained in treated groups in the 7- and 14-day-old pats. A lower number (P < 0.05) of Collembola, compared with pats from CG, was recovered from IG and DG pats deposited at days 3 and 7 pt and exposed from day 42. The counts of Acari in pats from treated animals were lower (P < 0.05) than those observed in CG pats at 3, 8 and 16 days pt. There were no differences neither in adult Scarabaeidae recovered nor in the proportions of dung buried and destroyed by great dung beetles. Dung specific nematodes were reduced (P < 0.05) in IG and DG pats from 3 and 7 days pt compared with those of CG pats. The comparative results shown here demonstrate that the negative effects of both IVM and DRM on dung colonization are similar. The pattern of drug degradation in the environment was very slow. High residual concentrations of both active parent compounds were recovered in dungs exposed in the field for up to 180 days pd. Concentrations as high as 13 ng/g (IVM) and 101 ng/g (DRM) were measured in faeces obtained from pats deposited on day 27 pt and exposed to the environment during 180 days. The results show a decrease in invertebrate colonization of dung recovered from IVM- and DRM-treated cattle, which is in agreement with the large drug residual concentrations measured in faeces. },
	keywords = {cattle-nematoda, doramectin, dung-fauna, environmental toxicity, faecal residues, IVERMECTIN},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Suarez, V. H. and Lifschitz, A. L. and Sallovitz, J. M. and Lanusse, C. E.}
}
