@article {1879,
	title = {Quantitative extraction of macro-invertebrates from temperate and tropical leaf litter and soil: efficiency and time-dependent taxonomic biases of the Winkler extraction},
	journal = {Pedobiologia},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {175-186},
	abstract = {Winkler extractors, a simple device presumed to extract macro-invertebrates efficiently from soil and litter samples, is being used increasingly in ecological surveys and functional studies of soil macro-invertebrate communities. In this study the extraction efficiency and taxonomic bias of the Winkler extraction are evaluated for extraction periods of 3 h up to 7 weeks, calibrated by hand-sorting after 7 weeks. The method extracts most macro-invertebrates completely or to a proportion of over 90\% except Isopoda, Diplopoda and Mollusca. However, for an exhaustive result, a long extraction period of several weeks is necessary. For the most speciose group (adult beetles) and for the commonly most abundant group (ants), a short extraction of 3 days was sufficient to get 70\% of the individuals and nearly all species. Three days was also sufficient to recover the rank abundance order of beetle families, while for {\textquoteleft}higher taxa{\textquoteright} and for Chilopoda species, 4 and 3 weeks were necessary, respectively. Optimum extraction times for the abundant macro-invertebrate groups and possible adjustment factors for the soil macro-invertebrates of temperate woodlands are proposed to compensate the taxonomic bias caused by short extraction periods. However, for recording an accurate snapshot of the soil and litter fauna at a particular time, shorter extraction periods are advisable because of the short life cycle of many brates; soil invertebrates causing emergence of later stages or a second generation during longer extraction periods. The problem of contamination of samples is also discussed. },
	keywords = {Chilopoda, COLEOPTERA, Extraction, Soil macro-invertebrates, Winkler extractor},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Chung, Arthur Y. C. and DeBoise, Emma and Eggleton, Paul and Giusti, Alessandro and Inward, Kelly and Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia}
}
@article {1881,
	title = {First record of the genus Eusaproecius branco from West-Africa (Col., Scarabaeidae, Coprinae)},
	journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine},
	volume = {139},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {13-14},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia}
}
@article {1882,
	title = {Spatial separation of Afrotropical dung beetle guilds: a trade-off between competitive superiority and energetic constraints (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {210-222},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia and Weiss, I. and Eggleton, P. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard}
}
@conference {1883,
	title = {Human influence on the dung fauna in Afrotropical grasslands (Insecta: Coleoptera)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Tropical Biology},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {133-139},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag},
	organization = {Springer Verlag},
	address = {Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany},
	abstract = {Dung beetles are the main dung recyclers in most Afrotropical environments. We compare dung beetle abundance in herbivore dung in West and East African grasslands that are subject to various anthropogenic disturbances. Dung beetles are similarly abundant in grasslands with indigenous wild herbivores and with extensive cattle farming. However, if herbivore dung is regularly removed (i.e. collected by local people for domestic and agricultural use) or not present locally at all, the abundance of dung beetles decreases. The lowest numbers were found in an urban settlement.},
	keywords = {Disturbance, dung beetle, East Africa, land use, savanna, West Africa},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Mahiva, Vincent S. and Kouakou, Celestin and N{\textquoteright}goran, Paul and Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia and Newman, Dorothy H. and Weib, Ingo and Doumbia, Mamadou}
}
@article {1889,
	title = {Diel separation of Afrotropical dung beetle guilds - avoiding competition and neglecting resources (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {38},
	number = {17},
	year = {2004},
	note = {823AIJ NATUR HIST},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2225-2249},
	abstract = {Dung beetle guilds of different competitive level coexist at high abundances in the forest - savanna mosaic of Ivory Coast. A total of 25 875 specimens was recorded from 90 samples of fresh buffalo dung exposed for 4- h periods over the day in the Parc National de la Comoe. Redundancy analyses show different patterns of the guild structure determined by time of day, and positive correlations of guild abundance with temperature. The competitively superior telecoprids ( rollers) have their abundance peak at midday when the high temperatures presumably enable them to perform their energetically costly rolling behaviour at greater speed. The competitively intermediate paracoprids ( tunnellers) and the competitively inferior endocoprids ( dwellers) have their peak around dusk when: ( 1) the superior competitors are not active, and ( 2) they can easily synchronize their flight activity using light intensity changes. During the two peaks of flight activity of the dung beetles, their abundance at the resource is very high, causing obvious competition. On the other hand, the resource is hardly used between 22: 00 h and 10: 00 h. This is probably due to physiological constraints ( high optimum temperature required for the diurnal species and dependence on light intensity patterns as a flight trigger of the nocturnal species, respectively). Shifting flight activity to these periods of low competition does not occur, resulting in a unequal level of competition over the day, thus periods of considerable competition within dung beetle assemblages alternate with vacant temporal refuges.},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, Cote d, Dung beetles, Ivore},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000221581700007},
	author = {Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia and Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Linsenmair, K. Eduard}
}
