@article {1485,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation in southern Africa and distributional response patterns in five specialist or generalist dung beetle families (Coleoptera)},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {192-207},
	abstract = {Effects of habitat fragmentation on spatial distribution patterns of dung beetles were studied in the southwestern Cape in the winter rainfall region of South Africa, where indigenous shrubland has been extensively replaced with crops and pastures. The six most abundant higher taxa of dung beetles showed a range from higher to low discrimination in response to spatial variables based on the results for principal components analysis (PCA) (Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Histeridae, Staphylinidae: predatory subfamilies, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae). Vegetation type was the principal determinant of spatial distribution whereas annual temperature and rainfall were of much lesser importance. Across the taxonomic sequence from higher to low spatial discrimination, there was a trend from higher to lower proportions of indigenous shrubland specialists. This taxonomic sequence to decreasing spatial discrimination was also related to increasing percentage taxonomic similarity between species assemblages of the higher taxa in the southwestern Cape and those in the distant Transvaal, summer rainfall region PCA (variance) reflected this relationship between local and subcontinental scales of spatial distribution better than a generalization/specialization index (niche width). Species which were widespread on a subcontinental scale (n=25), showed greater pasture associations in the southwestern Cape than in the Transvaal. These trends in spatial distribution patterns indicate that, in response to habitat fragmentation, there has been proportionally greater, recent recruitment of species into southwestern Cape assemblages from spatially less discriminating higher taxa than from spatially more discriminating taxa.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Aphodiidae- (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Behavior-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Histeridae- (Coleoptera-), Hydro, Invertebrata-, Physiology-},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1938,
	title = {Local distribution and coexistence of Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) and Onthophagus batesi Howden and Cartwright 1963 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {117-127},
	abstract = {With data coming from two Mexican Neotropical localities, an analysis of the main niche dimensions of two potential competitors was carried out: an introduced Indoafrican species (D. gazella) and a native one (O. batesi). Both species show similar daily activity. They coexist in grasslands bordering on tropical forest opened for cattle activity. Results show spatial segregation at local level: both species inhabit open areas but O. batesi less so. This latter species also inhabits the forest, mainly at the edge zones. The possible causes of this spatial segregation along the environmental gradient could be related with a different detection capacity of the two species. Since their flying activity occurs at dusk and dawn, we suggest that the detection of humidity has an important role in the observed segregation. We propose that the adults colonize dung pats located in places with suitable environmental conditions that secure progeny survivorship. However. the possibility of competition between these species, cannot be ruled out. From a historic-evolutive perspective the coexistence of both species is recent. It is necessary to determine the spatial behavior of either species where the other one is missing. What happens with possible interactions in overlapping zones (edge-grassland) and studies about immigration-emigration rates from dung pats in these zones, where the two species coexist, are questions for future research.},
	keywords = {a, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Behavior-, Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digitonthophagus-gazella (Organisms-Unspecified), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Onthophagus-batesi (Coleoptera-), Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Montes, De Oca Enrique}
}
@article {2126,
	title = {The influence of horn and body size on the reproductive behavior of the horned rainbow scarab beetle Phanaeus difformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {67-82},
	abstract = {The reproductive behavior of horned rainbow scarab beetles, Phanaeus difformis, was studied to determine the influence of morphological traits on intersexual and intrasexual interactions. Phanaeus difformis is a sexually dimorphic dung beetle in which males possess much larger horns than females, and males can be grouped into "major" and "minor" male morph categories based on horn size. Male-female pairs cooperated in nest construction and provisioning. In the laboratory, males of both morphs assisted females and were equally successful at copulating. However, in the field larger individuals had a pairing advantage due to greater success in intrasexual competition. Some males used an alternative mating tactic which involved sneaking copulations with paired females. In most cases the sneak male was smaller than the paired male.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Genetics-, in, Invertebrata-, morphology-, Phanaeus-difformis (Coleoptera-), Physiology-, Reproductive-System (Reproduction-)},
	author = {Rasmussen, Janet L.}
}
