@article {1338,
	title = {A simple assay to determine the nutrional suitability of cattle dung for coprophagous beetles },
	journal = {Entomologia experimentalis et applicata},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1989},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {73-79},
	abstract = {An assay using extracted dung fluid was developed to provide an objective method of assessing the suitability of cattle dung for the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius. Fluid was extracted from whole dung by twisting gauze-wrapped samples by hand, or by use of an hydraulic press set sequentially at 2 MPa, 6 MPa and 10 MPa. Artificial dung was made by adding dung fluid to shredded fibre-board in a 15 : 1 weight ratio. The rate of brood-ball ( = egg) production by female E. intermedius fed on the artificial dung made from fluid extracted by the hydraulic press at 2 MPa was the same as that on natural whole dung. Reproductive performance on all artificial dungs was significantly correlated with the percent dry matter content of the dung fluid used in the mixture. Thus the percent dry matter in the fluid extracted at 2 MPa pressure provides an objective measurement for comparing the quality of different dungs as food for adult E. intermedius, without the need for performing bioassays. The results confirm that the fluid component of dung is the major source of nutrition for adult dung beetles. },
	keywords = {cattle dung, coprophagous beetles, dung beetle, Euoniticellus, food, mammals, nutrition, resources},
	author = {Aschenborn, H. H. and Loughnan, M. L. and Edwards, P. B.}
}
@article {1553,
	title = {Seasonal-Variation in the Dung of African Grazing Mammals, and Its Consequences for Coprophagous Insects},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Times Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 0EnglishArticleGL110FUNCT ECOL},
	pages = {617-628},
	abstract = {The dung of African grazing mammals varies in nutrient and moisture content according to the condition of the pasture on which the animals feed. This study investigated the effect of variation in quality of herbivore dung on the survival and reproduction of coprophagous insects. Seasonal variation was recorded in physical and chemical characteristics of zebra, wildebeest and impala dung. Dung was collected from free- ranging animals grazing in natural habitat in Mkuzi Game Reserve, a hot summer-rainfall region of South Africa. Interspecific differences in dung were related to the feeding ecology, digestive physiology and size of each species. Seasonal changes in water and nitrogen content of dung were related to patterns of rainfall and hence pasture growth. Dung moisture was significantly correlated with the amount of rain that fell in the preceding 2 weeks for wildebeest, in the preceding 4 weeks for impala and in the period 2-6 weeks before collection for zebra dung. Seasonal variability in wildebeest dung affected the reproductive rate of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Egg production at 25- degrees-C ranged from 0.1 per female per week in winter dung to 12.1 in summer dung, and was significantly correlated with dung moisture. Euoniticellus intermedius and the African buffalo fly Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) could not breed in fresh wildebeest dung of 62\% water content. However when the water content was raised to 68\% and above, breeding by Euoniticellus intermedius increased; and at moisture contents of 73\% and above, buffalo fly size increased and survival improved. Higher water content was correlated with an increase in availability of dung fluid, the component of dung used by these insects.},
	keywords = {African herbivores, coprophagous, Dung, Dung beetles, food-, impala, quality, wildebeest, zebra},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991GL11000006},
	author = {Edwards, P. B.}
}
@article {1554,
	title = {Patterns of nesting and dung burial in Onitis dung beetles: implications for pasture productivity and fly control},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {837-851},
	author = {Edwards, P. B. and Aschenborn, H. H.}
}
@article {1555,
	title = {Male reproductive behaviorof the African ball-rolling dung beetle Kheper nigroaeneus (Scarabaedae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {17-27},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food resources, generalists, mammal, mammals, savanna},
	author = {Edwards, P. B. and Aschenborn, H. H.}
}
