@article {1814,
	title = {Dung pad residence time covaries with male morphology in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {1. The immigration and emigration behaviours of Onthophagus taurus were investigated in a combination of field and laboratory experiments to examine patterns of dispersal in this species. 2. On average, the mean proportion of major males immigrating to baited pitfall traps decreased significantly with time. In contrast, the mean proportion of minor males and females did not change with time. 3. The time taken to emigrate from a dung pad differed significantly among major males, minor males, and females. This difference arose because major males spent a significantly shorter period of time residing within the dung pad. On average, more than 50\% of major males had emigrated from the dung pads after 30 h, some 4 h earlier than minor males and females. 4. When the effects of body size were controlled, major males with longer horns were shown to have longer wings. Because major males spend more time in flight, longer wings may be an adaptation to more frequent dispersal. Alternatively, longer wings in major males may compensate for the production of aerodynamically costly horns.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-pad-residence-time, emigration-, immigration-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Tomkins, Joseph L.}
}
@article {1816,
	title = {Patterns of parental provisioning covary with male morphology in a horned beetle (Onthophagus taurus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {June, 1998ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {447-451},
	abstract = {Male dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus, are dimorphic for a secondary sexual trait, head horns. Horned males participate in the production of brood masses while hornless male do not. Here we examine the reproductive performance of females mated with males exhibiting alternative horn morphologies. We found that exposure to males may be costly for females in that it reduced the total number of brood masses produced. However, females paired with horned males produced significantly larger brood masses than females paired with hornless males or females producing broods alone. We discuss the possible selection pressures that may underly horn evolution in this genus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-dimorphism, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [horned-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-, parental-care-patter, Reproduction-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Simmons, Leigh W.}
}
@article {2126,
	title = {The influence of horn and body size on the reproductive behavior of the horned rainbow scarab beetle Phanaeus difformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {67-82},
	abstract = {The reproductive behavior of horned rainbow scarab beetles, Phanaeus difformis, was studied to determine the influence of morphological traits on intersexual and intrasexual interactions. Phanaeus difformis is a sexually dimorphic dung beetle in which males possess much larger horns than females, and males can be grouped into "major" and "minor" male morph categories based on horn size. Male-female pairs cooperated in nest construction and provisioning. In the laboratory, males of both morphs assisted females and were equally successful at copulating. However, in the field larger individuals had a pairing advantage due to greater success in intrasexual competition. Some males used an alternative mating tactic which involved sneaking copulations with paired females. In most cases the sneak male was smaller than the paired male.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Genetics-, in, Invertebrata-, morphology-, Phanaeus-difformis (Coleoptera-), Physiology-, Reproductive-System (Reproduction-)},
	author = {Rasmussen, Janet L.}
}
@article {2292,
	title = {Iridescent dung beetles: A different angle},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997Research ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {132-141},
	abstract = {Iridescence, in both the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectra, is produced by various means and may serve several functions in different animals. In insects, such colors are often considered as anti-predator adaptations, either crypsis or aposematism, or a means of thermoregulation. A less explored alternative is social signaling. Iridescent colors are particularly useful in this context because they are brightest from certain directions and body orientation could be employed to direct a visual signal to particular receivers. In phanaeine dung beetles the head and prothoracic shield reflect a visible-light and UV iridescence that is best seen from a position facing the insect. The less iridescent male horn is silhouetted against the prothoracic shield. Since, horn size is indicative of male size, such a display may be directed to sexual competitors in agonistic interactions. Broad and reflective prothoracic surfaces on males might also be preferred by females choosing a mate, who will cooperate in future brood care, since they would make infestations of kleptoparasitic flies more obvious.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis), Invertebrata-, Invertebrate, morphology-},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina}
}
